Autonomic Nervous System



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Autonomic Nervous System

  • Medical Neuroscience
  • Dr. Wiegand

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Enteric System
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • All systems have GVE and GVA components
  • Primarily considered a
  • two neuron chain motor system
  • Afferent Input (GVA)
  • Limbic System
  • Hypothalamus
  • Reticular Formation
  • Spinal Level
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Periphery
  • Autonomic Nervous System

Skeletal vs. Smooth Muscle Motor Systems

PSNS & SNS – Similarities

  • Acetylcholine
  • “B” fiber
  • Ganglia
  • Nuclei
  • Spinal cord
  • or brainstem
  • Periphery
  • “C” fiber

PSNS & SNS – Differences

  • SNS
    • activate body
    • thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
    • short preganglionic/long postganglionic fibers
    • global responses
    • postganglionic transmitter: norepinephrine (except sweat glands – ACH)
  • PSNS
    • prepare body for rest
    • craniosacral (CN III, VII, IX, X & S2-4)
    • long preganglionics/short postganglionic fibers
    • discrete/local responses
    • postganglionic transmitter: acetylcholine

Sympathetic Nervous System

  • “Fight or Flight” system
  • Activation
    • increases heart rate
    • increases sweating
    • dilates pupil
    • inhibits GI movement
    • closes sphincters
    • diverts blood from skin and GI tract to skeletal muscles

Sympathetic Nervous System- Preganglionic Neuron May:

  • terminate on postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic chain ganglia
  • ascend or descend to higher or lower ganglia and terminate on postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic chain ganglia
  • pass through the sympathetic chain to prevertebral ganglia (celiac, inferior or superior mesenteric)
  • pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia to adrenal medulla
  • referred pain
  • heart – T1-4
  • gall bladder – T6-8
  • stomach – T7-8

preganglionic fibers from T1-5 ascend

  • preganglionic fibers from T1-5 ascend
  • postganglionic fibers from sup. cervical ganglia follow carotid a.
  • fibers follow III and V ophthalmic
  • innervate dilator m, levator palpebrae, sweat & lacrimal glands

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • prepares body for rest
    • promotes digestion, GI peristalsis
    • slows heart rate
    • constricts pupil
    • empties bladder
    • relaxes sphincters
    • mediates genital erection

Horner’s Syndrome

  • damage to the descending fibers from the hypothalamus or the superior cervical ganglia
  • miosis – pupillary constriction
  • anhidrosis – lack of sweating
  • ptosis – drooping of the eye lid
  • enophthalmos – eye appears to sink in to the orbit

Bladder

  • SNS – retention
  • PSNS – voiding (micturation)
  • L1 – L2 GVE
  • S2 – S4 GSE
  • S2 – S4 GVE
  • SNS input from L1-2 (int. urinary sphincter)
  • PSNS input from S2-4 (detrusor mm)
  • GSE (Onuf) to ext. urinary sphincter
  • GSA (pain, temp & pressure to T12/L1 & S2-4
  • GVA to S2-4
  • paracentral lobule & brainstem
  • S2-4 GVA/GSA
  • (T12/L1)

Autonomic Nervous System and the Bladder

  • “UMN bladder” = “spastic bladder” = automatic reflex bladder
  • “LMN bladder” = “flaccid bladder” = “atonic bladder” = autonomous reflex bladder

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