Bog'liq Automotive Coatings Formulation Ulrich Poth - Chemistry, Physics und Practices (2008, Vincentz Network) - libgen.li
3.7.2.2 Application behaviour Besides the goal of conferring effects, basecoats must meet additional requirements. During
application, a basecoat must provide
optimum levelling , prevent formation of blisters (
popping ) and
sagging , while the clearcoat must not disorient the effect substances by
redissolving , the effect and
colour must lend themselves to
reproducible preparation, and the system must not be too sensitive
to variations in
application conditions (application robustness). The application window (width of
variation in application conditions) must be as wide as possible.
Since primer surfacers must provide
optimum levelling , for topcoats – including combinations
of basecoats and clearcoats – the goal of providing smooth surfaces is much more important.
The rapid increase in viscosity due to physical drying of the polymer content of the resin and
the influence of rheological additives necessitates particular measures to ensure optimum
levelling. The solution to the problem is to use levelling agents and employ a lower content of
slow-evaporating solvents.
Since effect basecoats tend to be applied in thin layers, the problem of
sagging does not arise. In
addition, the fast-dry properties and the rheological additives help to prevent sagging. Only the
solid colour basecoats need to be applied in high film thicknesses and tested for sagging. However,
the higher the drying rate and the thicker the basecoat layer, the more risk there is of
popping .
Popping is mainly the formation of blisters by high quantities of solvents that leave the film when
the viscosity is already high and optimum diffusion is already restricted. It is prevented by judi-
cious choice of solvent combination. The solvent combination must lead to uniform evaporation
and keep the film open to diffusion and evaporation throughout film-forming. At the same time,
the requisite solvent content of low evaporation rate must not facilitate redissolving.
Redissolving is the variation in effect that occurs when a clearcoat is applied to a basecoat which
has only dried physically. Absence of redissolving is a pre-condition for wet-on-wet application of
basecoats and clearcoats. Redissolving does not occur only through dissolution by the solvents
of the clearcoat on the basecoat layer. There are also other influences. The solvents in clearcoats
not only have a negative effect on the basecoat. Limited diffusion of low quantities of solvent that
does not destroy the orientation of effect pigments supports levelling and intercoat adhesion.
Other parameters that can influence redissolving include the force with which sprayed clearcoat
particles impinge on the basecoat. Redissolving may also occur when low-molecular ingredients
of the clearcoat material diffuse into the basecoat layer where they influence the orientation of
effect pigments (e.g. low-molecular polyisocyanates).
Where areas of an object exhibit different lightness under the same viewing angle (plan view), the
darker areas are called “clouds”.