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which lead to increasing viscosity and intrinsic viscosity behaviour. The application viscosity
of topcoats is determined by measuring at
low shear rates (efflux viscosimeter DIN, ISO, Ford
cups and others), which may be closely related to shear rates which occur during the first steps
of film forming (flow and levelling). Since different pigments not only generate different hiding
power and colour strength, but also different viscosity behaviour, the compositions (by weight)
of topcoats also vary with regard to achieving optimum application behaviour and optimum col-
our properties. Figure 3.6.16 shows typical compositions of topcoats of different colours, along
with different ratios of binders, pigments, and solvents. All the colours must achieve the same
requisite application viscosity (here:
25 s, DIN cup 4 at
23 °C equivalent to
ISO Cup 96 s at 23 °C).
The PVC is cal-
culated from the quantity and density
of the resin combination of alkyd resin
(1.20 g/cm³), melamine resin (1.30 g/
cm³) and the density of the various pig-
ments (see Table 3.6.3). Note that the
pigment density quoted refers to that
of the substance and not the pigment
powder.
The goal is to build up a topcoat
series
on the basis of a uniform binder combi-
nation. Also, the ratio of the resin part-
ners is the same for all colours of the
topcoat
series; in the example of alkyd
versus melamine resin 7:3. Under the
described conditions, the application
solids vary,
for the same application
viscosity, from 45 % by weight for black,
via red with 50 %, to white with 55 %.
The optimum PVC values for most of
the organic
pigments are between
Figure 3.6.15: Phthalocyanine pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 15, e.g. “Heliogen” Blue L 7101 F)
Figure 3.6.16: Typical compositions of topcoats of different colour
Automotive
OEM coatings
133
8 and 12 % per volume. Pigments with very high light absorption, such as phthalocyanine pig-
ments and carbon blacks, have PVC values of just 1 to 3 % by volume. Pure white topcoats have
PVC of about 20 % by volume.
Most commercialised topcoat colours contain mixtures of several pigments. Some topcoat
for-
mulations contain as many as five different types of pigment. Nevertheless, the pigments are
dispersed individually. The advantage is that
the dispersion process is highly characterised for
the specific dispersion behaviour of each pigment. Therefore, not only the composition of pig-
ment paste (ratio of pigment, binder, and solvent) is adjusted, but so too are the conditions for
the dispersion process. The latter is influenced by the type of milling equipment, the dispersion
medium, the batch volume, the through-put velocity, the dispersion time, and the final constants
of the dispersion. Pigment pastes contain as much pigment as possible, e.g. up to 60 % by weight
for titanium dioxide, 15 to 20 % for organic red pigments, and 5 to 10 % for finely dispersed carbon
black, together with alkyd resin and solvent. There are alkyd resins which are specially modified
for preparing pigment dispersions. For example,
they may contain specific quantities of unsatu-
rated fatty acids to improve the wetting properties:
It is additionally possible to add wetting agents
as additives for problematic pigments. Besides
affording the opportunity to specify the composi-
tion and dispersion process for a single pigment,
preparing pigment pastes for just one pigment
enables standardised pigment pastes to be pre-
pared. A series of standardised pigment pastes
of well-defined colour strength and PVC allows
accurate colour definition, mainly for the purpose
of reproducibility. It is also possible to calculate
the amount of pigment paste that must be added
for tinting (see Chapter 3.6.2). Nowadays, produc-
ers of topcoats have computer programs to perform
analyses, define compositions and adjust required
colours. They start by measuring and defining the
requisite colour. The system must be able to calcu-
late the composition of the formulation, based on
the standardised pigment paste series, and also
accommodate addition of let-down resins (to allow
for the quantity of alkyd resin already incorporated
by pigment pastes), solvents, and additives (batch
preparation). Adjustment consists in photometri-
cally measuring the colour of the
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