Properties of amino resins
The most important role of amino resins is that of crosslinker. However, a few types serve as
plasticiser resins for combination with only physically drying polymers. The functional groups of
crosslinker resins are free methylol groups, etherified methylol groups, and residual NH-groups
from the amides. Partners for crosslinking are resins that contain hydroxyl groups as functional
groups, including saturated polyesters, alkyd resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, and epoxy
esters. Crosslinking consists in a reaction between the hydroxyl groups of these resins and either
the methylol groups of amino resin, with cleavage of water, or the etherified methylol groups, with
cleavage of monoalcohols. Along with these reactions, amino resins can crosslink by themselves.
In that event, the reactions which occur during production of the amino resins continue, leading to
the formation of molecular networks containing the aforementioned methylene and dimethylene
ether bridges. During film formation by crosslinking, both types of reaction take place in combi-
nation, namely co-crosslinking, and self-crosslinking. The crosslinking reactions are catalysed by
adding acids. If higher quantities of strong acids are used as catalyst, crosslinking takes place at
room temperature. The other way to effect crosslinking is to employ stoving. Then, in most cases,
the small quantity of acid groups contained in polyesters, alkyds, and acrylic resins is sufficient
to catalyse the crosslinking. The general properties of the different amino resins are greatly influ-
enced by their basic building blocks.
Urea resins
If urea resins serve as crosslinkers for partner resins containing hydroxyl groups, the resultant
films are relatively hard, offer good adhesion, but are not weatherable. The combination partners
are alkyd resins, saturated polyesters and epoxy resins. If the combinations are catalysed by
addition of strong acids, crosslinking takes place at ambient temperatures. The classic acid-cured
coatings consist of alkyd resins, urea resins and, e.g., an alcoholic solution of hydrochloric acid as
catalyst. Other combinations of alkyd resins or saturated polyesters with urea resins are suitable
for stoving primers, primer surfacers and other coating materials in general industrial applications.
In such combinations, the urea resins are preferred to melamine resins as they provide better hard-
ness, adhesion and are more stable to overstoving, but are not weatherable and are less flexible. In
the past, urea resins were used instead of melamine resins because they were cheaper.
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