Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics und Practices



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Automotive Coatings Formulation Ulrich Poth - Chemistry, Physics und Practices (2008, Vincentz Network) - libgen.li

3.8.3.5 Blocked polyisocyanates
Blocked polyisocyanates offer the possibility of exploiting the crosslinking properties of isocy-
anates without having to pay attention to pot life. They are prepared by making isocyanates react 
with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms to yield adducts which can be cleaved at 
elevated temperatures (reversible addition reaction). The reaction of isocyanates with hydroxyl 
groups at room temperature is blocked, so the resins containing hydroxyl groups can be mixed 
with the blocked polyisocyanates without reaction (one-component paints). In the past, it was 
believed that, at elevated temperatures, the blocked polyisocyanate become de-blocked, leading 
to the formation of free isocyanate groups that react with the free hydroxyl groups from the 
combination resins. It is now known that the reaction of blocked polyisocyanates is a substitu-
tion reaction which leads to a chemical equilibrium. Since, as in most cases, the blocking agent 
is removed from the reaction media, the balance is shifted to the products which are expected. 
The principle behind the reaction is comparable to that of the transesterification reaction (see 
Figure 3.8.12).
There are blocked polyisocyanates which do not lead to cleavage of the blocking agent. For exam-
ple, polyisocyanates blocked by diethyl malonate react at elevated temperatures with hydroxyl 
groups in a transesterification reaction and releasing ethanol; the amide structure from the block-
ing agent remains in the film. Suitable commercial blocking agents can be classified according to 
the temperatures at which they react efficiently under industrial application conditions (stoving 
time: 15 to 30 minutes) with partner resins containing hydroxyl groups (polyesters). The effective 
reaction temperatures of suitable blocking agents are given in Figure 3.8.13, page 182.
Figure 3.8.12: Principle behind the reaction of blocked polyisocyanates
Clearcoats


182
Since automotive OEM clearcoats are usually stoved at temperatures below 150 °C, blocking 
agents are chosen which react up to that temperature, namely diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoac-
etate, dimethyl pyrazole. When using blocked polyisocyanates, it is necessary bear the specific 
properties of the compounds in mind: problems with solubility for diethyl malonate, tendency to 
yellowing for ethyl acetoacetate, remaining in films for dimethyl pyrazole. As blocked polyisocy-
anates cannot meet all requirements on crosslinkers for clearcoats, they are mixed with melamine 
resins (hybrid crosslinking). In addition, they are more expensive than melamine resins. Surpris-
ingly, the mixture does not lead to the expected compromise on properties. Instead, the overall 
properties are greater than the sum of the individual ones. The explanation is that the crosslink-
Figure 3.8.14: Gradients of reaction rates against temperature
Figure 3.8.13: Effective reaction temperatures of suitable blocking agents
Automotive OEM coatings


183
ing reactions take place concurrently but at different reaction rates. Such step-wise reaction 
leads to the formation of very effective molecular networks (large extension). Figure 3.8.14 shows 
different reaction rates (logarithmic) against temperature (reciprocal plot) that might provide an 
explanation for this.
Hybrid-crosslinked clearcoats exhibit optimum values for resistance to weathering, chemicals 
and solvents, and a balance of hardness and flexibility. A special blocked polyisocyanate is tris-
alkyl carbamato triazine (TACT) 
[155]
, whose molecular structure is given in Figure 3.8.15.
The product combines the positive properties of triazines, e.g. resistance to heat and chemicals and 
a high refractive index that leads to high gloss values, with the positive crosslinking behaviour of 
blocked polyisocyanates. The crosslinker reacts with hydroxyl groups of partner resins, cleaving 
the monoalcohols of the carbamate group. Although monoalcohols as blocking agents for “normal” 
isocyanates do not react at temperatures below 200 °C, clearcoats containing TACT are crosslinked 
effectively at temperatures of 130 to 140 °C. The reason is the directing effect of the double bond 
system of the triazine ring. Nevertheless, the resultant networks are relatively stable.

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