2.1.2.4 Effect substances Effect substances for paints are pigment-like particles that, when incorporated in a film matrix,
convey various brightness and colour impressions which change with the angle of view. This is also
known as flip-flop effect. Initially, aluminium flakes were the most common pigments used in effect
coatings. Added to basecoats and clearcoats, they are responsible for creating the metallic effect.
Then, pearlescent pigments were developed from mica particles. Pearlescence results from
interference of visible light at very thin layers. If the mica particles are covered with layers of
heavy metal oxides only a few nanometres thick, the pearlescent effect is extended to yield highly
specific colour shifting (colour flip-flop).
Pearlescent pigments were followed by platelet-sized particles that were also covered with layers
of heavy metal oxides. Very homogeneous thin layers of aluminium are created by depositing
aluminium onto foil from the vapour phase. They are then stripped off and crushed to yield pig-
ment-like particles. The result is a special metallic effect (so-called liquid metal). All the effect
pigments mentioned so far are inorganic. But there are also organic effect pigments. These are
produced with the aid of substances that form liquid crystals. The latter are immobilised by
UV-crosslinking to yield lamellar molecular structures that create colour effects by interference.
Effect substances are described in Chapter 3.7.3.5.
2.1.2.5 Functional pigments Functional pigments are defined here as pigment-like substances whose purpose is not to gener-
ate colour or effects on coating layers, but rather to perform other functions.
Extenders Some authors define extenders (fillers) as a special class of pigment-like substances in their own
right. Extenders are particles of inorganic crystalline compounds which have low refractive indi-
ces. On account of the low refractive indices, they do not generate any colour in a film matrix. The
main purpose of extenders or fillers is to impart fullness. This is the complex visual impression
conveyed when a coating layer covers the substrate perfectly as regards smoothness, levelling,
and uniformity. Gloss may also play a role in this impression. Fullness depends on the layer thick-
ness and the surface structure of the coating. Extenders or fillers are mostly inexpensive paint
raw materials. Extenders additionally have the task of improving the resistance of coating layers
to mechanical impact, primarily stone-chipping.
Extenders are used in primers and primer surfacers. Typical extenders are described in Chapter
3.5.3.4.