Asian Research Journals
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133
Special
Issue
MAIN PART.
It is advisable to consider the sources of the history of Khorezm's early Middle Ages by several
types and periods. In particular, they should be divided into the following two groups:
1. Byzantine and Chinese sources of the V - VII centuries.
2. Arab-Persian sources of VIII-early XIII centuries.
The sources of the first group are short and inaccurate, with mention of Khorezm mainly in
relation to certain political events. We can see in the story of the Byzantine historian Menandre
about the Byzantine embassy of the Byzantine, sent to the Turks.
The visit of the Byzantine Ambassador Zemarh at the residence of the Western Turkic Empire in
569 passed through Khorezm (Menander Khorezm is the land of states or chaos). And in 762,
the Khorezmian Turksaba sent ambassadors to help fight the Arabs.
The sources of the second group are mainly Arab-Persian sources, which provide information on
the political history of Khorezm before the Arab Spring, the period of the Arab invasion and the
post-Arab period. Many traders and tourists who have come from within the Arab Khilafah of
Khorezm and regarded as a region where Islam has spread, have been trying to gather a great
deal of information when they come here. Specifically, among the historians and geographers
who included information about the period of the Arab invasion of Khorezm and the post-Arab
period, Ibn Rusta's book Kitab al-Ansisa [2], Al-Yaqubi's Kitab al-Buldon. (Book on Countries)
[3], by Abu Bakr al-Balazuri's "Kitab al futuh al-buldon" [4], by Ibn Hordadbex's "Kitab al-
Malik and al-Mamalik.""(The Book of Roads and Countries) [5], Tabari's" History of Ar-Rul al-
Wul al-Mulk "[6], Ibn Fadlan's" The Risale "[7] , Al-Istahri's book Kitab al-Maliki and l-ul-
Mamalik (The Book on the Paths to the Countries) [8], Al-Maqdisi's "Ahsan-at-tacosim fi
Maorifat al-aqolim" The Best Guide to Learning ”) [9], and some other works by Ibn Hawkal,
such as the Kitab al-Maliki (The Book of Ways and Countries). In particular, the information in
the works of Tabari and Balazuri is invaluable.
The work of our great compatriot Abu Raykhan Beruni “Osor ul-bokiya al-kurun al holiya”
(“Ancient Monuments”) is of great importance. In his work, Beruni publishes the medieval
history of Khorezm, which also contains information that is never found in other sources. For
example, his work traces the rise of the Africans to power and the names of their 22 rulers, which
is still a comparative source for numismatic and archaeological data.
A Brief History of Political Processes in Khorezm in the 8th and 10th Centuries by Al-Sa'alib's
"Latoif ul-Ma'arif" ("Awesome Information" by Ibn al-Asir, "The Complete History") ), such as
Al-Samooni's Kitab al-Ansab (The Book of Famous People) and Yakut Al-Hamawi's "Mu'am al-
Buldon" [11].
Information on Khorezm's political life in the early Middle Ages is also available in Persian
sources from the 9th to 13th centuries. The most important of them are the works of Mahmud
Gardizi's "Zayn ul-Ahbor" ("Decoration of History"), "The Historical Masjid" by Abulfazl
Bayhaki, "The Al-Alem Universe" by an unknown author [12].
In all these sources, Khorezm in the VIII-X centuries is mentioned as an area in the remote
Arabian Caliphate. Therefore, sources of the second group, as well as the sources of the first
group, are distinguished by the fact that their information is very short and controversial.
ISSN: 2278-4853 Special Issue, March, 2020 Impact Factor: SJIF 2020 = 6.882
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