Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (ajmr)


Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)



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AJMR-SEPTEMBER-2021-FULL-JOURNAL

Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)

 

https://www.tarj.in

 

413 



 

AJMR 

TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF SHADOW ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 

Kind of activity

 

Cash transactions

 

Non-cash transactions

 

Illegal activity 



(criminal economy) 

- trade in stolen goods 

- drug trade and production 

- prostitution 

 - gambling 

- smuggling 

- fraud 

-  barter  transactions  with  drugs, 

stolen or smuggled goods 

-  production  or  cultivation  of 

narcotic raw materials for own use 

- theftforownneeds 



Legal activity 

(hidden economy) 

-  undeclared  income  from  self-

employment 

-  wages  and  assets  earned  from 

unregistered 

work 


activities 

related  to  legal  services  and 

goods 

-  barter  transactions  with  legal 



services and goods 

 

F. Schneider and D. Enst also cite the reasons why the legal production of goods and services is 



deliberately  hidden  from  public  authorities  and  highlight  the  following  reasons  for  the 

participation of residents in the shadow economy: 

· Avoidance of payment of income, value added tax or other taxes; 

· Avoidance of payment of social insurance contributions; 

·  Avoiding  the  need  to  comply  with  certain  legal  labor  market  standards  such  as  minimum 

wages, maximum working hours and safety standards; 

· Avoidance of certain administrative procedures, such as filling out statistical questionnaires or 

other administrative forms [8]. 

Thus,  the  shadow  economy  is  not  state-controlled  reproduction,  distribution,  consumption  of 

goods and services, which are not taken into account anywhere, are not regulated by the relevant 

normative  legal  acts  of  economic  activity  and  rules  of  economic  management.  This  type  of 

economy  exclusively  implies  the  implementation  of  the  activities  of  economic  entities  outside 

the control of the state. 

Moreover,  experts  emphasize  the  negative  impact  of  the  shadow  economy  “removing  a 

significant  part  of  the  factors  of  production  from  legal  production,  reducing  efficiency  and 

hindering expanded reproduction and socio-economic development” [9]. 

Consequently, due to the implementation of economic activity outside the control and accounting 

of  the  state,  it  is  not  taxed  in  any  way.  Naturally,  this  kind  of  economy  consists  of  illegal, 

criminal elements. In this regard, the shadow economy is also called “informal” [10]. 


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