part of the regime, because while admittedly the novel runs counter to the
directives of the regime it would have had absolutely no political importance.
Letting it come out, according to Rosselli would have demonstrated abroad
Fascism’s strength and assuredness. But blocking it demonstrates that Fascism
is prisoner to the priests because it is they who insist on censorship. According
to Rosselli, Fascism has made a martyr of Moravia—an intelligent young man
of extraordinary ability—but no danger or exceptional personality—a martyr
who becomes a writer–victim of the regime for the rest of Europe, and someone
persecuted for non-political reasons. According to Antonini, Rosselli concludes
that Fascism could not have done antifascism a greater favour than to ban
Moravia’s novel.
Fabre cites most of these documents and concludes that they tilted the balance in
favour of publication. The evidence is overwhelming. Mussolini feared that a review
was about to be published in the
New York Times
of a book which he wanted to ban.
Fascist Italy would be made to look a laughing-stock in foreign public opinion,
especially in New York and Paris. The novel was given the
nulla osta
, with the caveat
that it was not to be distributed widely and was not to have coverage in the Italian
press; in other words, it was to be published but subject to a conspiracy of silence.
On 28 June 1935 Mondadori was given permission to publish the book. Furst’s
New York Times
review ‘A Novel of Disillusion in a Roman Setting’ followed
months later on 16 February 1936. The translation rights, however, went to another
occasional
New York Times
correspondent in Italy, Arthur Livingstone, and the
English translation appeared in 1938 as
Wheel of Fortune
. Before that a negative
136
G. Talbot
review was published in
Giustizia e Liberta`
(no. 47, Paris, 22 November 1935).
No review of the novel has ever been published in Italy.
Moravia and Fascism
Was Carlo Rosselli right? Was it the case that ‘the problem of falsifying his vision
so as to appeal to those in power [was] simply absurd’? Was he any less inclined
to self-censorship than other novelists? What was Moravia’s attitude to Fascism?
What evidence does the novel provide about his attitude? Set in claustrophobic
upper middle-class Roman society, just like
Gli Indifferenti
in 1929, it centres on
the figure of Andreina, mistress of Matteo, whose wife Maria Luisa in the first
chapter unsuccessfully tries to seduce Pietro Monatti, the fiance´ of her sister-in-law
Sofia. Andreina lives alone with a maid, in a house paid for by Matteo out of Maria
Luisa’s fortune. It transpires that Andreina had been thrown out of her modest
family home by her father, a schoolteacher with a persecution complex, because of
her sexual precocity. Therefore, despite Moravia’s protestations to Ciano, Andreina
is far from being an examplar of the Fascist values attributed to womanhood. Her
room has been rented out to Maria Luisa’s brother, now a cripple, who had been
a lodger there some years before, and, as we discover, Andreina’s first seducer.
Pietro Monatti, also from humble origins, had known Andreina at school and has
befriended Maria Luisa’s brother. Pietro and Andreina begin an affair which both
realise will destabilise a whole set of relationships and will destroy their chances
of wealth and social advancement. The novel ends in theft and murder. Moravia,
after the event, tells us he was trying to write with a tone of existential violence, in
the manner of Dostoyevsky.
26
His characters are as bored, indifferent and self-
destructive as the
borghesi
of
Gli Indifferenti
.
Whatever the tone, the attitude and the intention, the plot in outline could sustain
either a comedy, a bedroom farce or a tragedy. Its de´nouement, as much as its grey
tone, marks out the disillusionment of which Furst writes in his review. What should
have alarmed Fascists, and challenged Fascist identity, is the fact that the male
characters are not in control of the plot. There are four men (and one boy) in the
text, all of them overshadowed by strong women, throwing down a challenge to what
Victoria de Grazia has called the Fascist ‘nationalization of women’. She has argued
that Fascist policy on women ‘sought to establish more control over female bodies,
especially female reproductive functions [
. . .
] it demanded that women act as careful
consumers, efficient household managers’ (De Grazia 1992, p. 9). Just as Fascist
masculinity was embodied in the figure of the soldier, womanhood represented
domesticity, motherhood and submissiveness. As early as January 1926, newspaper
editors had been instructed by the Ministero dell’Interno to avoid stories about
suicide and crime, the
cronaca nera
, on the grounds that such reports offered bad
models to the weak (Bosworth 2002, p. 217).
The one review which did appear in Italian (in
Giustizia e Liberta`
) was lukewarm:
A glance at the title,
Mistaken Ambitions
, makes you think involuntarily of the
situation in Italy today. You could not find a more apposite title. But there is
none of this in the book, not even the faintest echo. [
. . .
] In Moravia there is
Modern Italy
137
only indifference and disdain for the environment he depicts and no critic who
is honest and not too obtuse can reprove him for sketching a dark picture of
Italian society today, simply because he doesn’t speak of Italian society or even
Roman society. Instead he limits himself to a few individuals who vegetate on
the margins of this as of any society.
27
Moravia’s international success with his first novel, one of few such Italian successes
in the period, had conferred on him the opportunity of becoming one of Mussolini’s
cultural ambassadors, putting into effect the 1926 injunction that Italian writers
should spread Italian cultural imperialism far and wide. But the regime’s support, as
expressed in the
Enciclopedia Treccani
, had been eroded by 1935 when
Le ambizioni
sbagliate
appeared. These decadent, neurotic and self-destructive models of
behaviour were now of the type which Fascism sought to suppress.
28
But the book was published. Furst’s review in the
New York Times
did draw some
limited attention to its cool official reception in Italy:
the Italian press has so far not displayed overmuch enthusiasm over Alberto
Moravia’s second novel. Considering the wave of praise that greeted his first
novel seven years ago,
Gli Indifferenti
[
. . .
], and considering that the second
book is undoubtedly superior to the first (certainly not inferior!), we can only
conclude that this apparent lack of approval must be based on considerations
which have nothing to do with art or art criticism. Those from whom one
would be least prepared to expect a sermon have not hesitated to express strong
moral indignation over the depravity of the young author. The greater part
have refused to write about the novel at all. (Furst 1936)
Furst reported what was happening, indicating that he was probably a reader of
Giustizia e Liberta`
, although of course he was not aware of the official policy on the
book’s publication or its causes, which grew out of both racism and anti-Semitism.
Its subsequent publication history over the following decade is one of the more
telling in terms of Fascist cultural policy.
Early in 1935 it appeared that the book would not be published in Italy. Moravia
wrote to Ciano and sought to convince the
Duce
’s son-in-law that it was not an anti-
Fascist book at all, and that it was ‘anything but pessimistic and destructive,
anything but antithetical and outside of the Fascist Revolution’, as his detractors
had always affirmed (Moravia 1993, pp. 144–147; Fabre 1998, p. 37). These are
carefully chosen words. Given the book’s content and the Duce’s injunction to
writers that they foster ‘spiritual imperialism’ and deep belief, it is quite impossible to
see Moravia as an ensign for the regime. His words to Ciano read far more like the
behaviour of a subtle ironist who wants to have his novel published.
We have seen above that the wave of Fascist censorship which began in 1934 had
its origins in racism. The early focus was both black Africa and Jewish ‘traitors’.
By 1937, however, we find Bottai, a cabinet minister who previously had praised
Moravia in print, writing about the ‘Jewish feel’ of Moravia’s work. The following
year, 1938, hot on the heels of Hitler’s May visit, Mussolini’s government published
its
Manifesto della Razza
and followed it up in September with draconian legislation,
the first targets of which were Jewish writers and journalists. Technically Moravia
138
G. Talbot
could (and did) claim that he was not Jewish, despite his Jewish paternity (Fabre
1998, pp. 396–402). Nevertheless in 1938 he was expelled from the
Albo Professionale
dei Giornalisti
and two of his books (
Le ambizioni sbagliate
and
L’Imbroglio
) were
banned, but
Gli Indifferenti
, his international success, was not.
Again he wrote a letter, this time to Mussolini himself. It is the letter published by
Il Corriere della Sera
on 6 January 2004 in which he wrote:
I am not a Jew [
. . .
] I have been a Catholic from birth and I have had from my
mother a Catholic education at home. It is true that my father is an Israelite;
but my mother is of pure blood and of Catholic religion and is the sister of
Your undersecretary for communications.
The terms of Moravia’s self-defence have led to summary denunciations in parts of
the Italian press since the letter’s publication, and charges of
vilta`
. His description of
his mother’s ‘pure blood’ (‘
puro sangue
’) echoes the rhetoric of the regime and the
time. (Mussolini, the previous year, had told Giorgio Pini, editor-in-chief of
Il Popolo
d’Italia
that ‘Jewish blood is always Jewish blood and you can’t change it’.)
29
But the
echo may well be ironic. His behaviour tells us very little about his attitude to
Fascism and racism, but it is quite revealing about the nature of Mussolini’s regime.
Moravia made a legal challenge to his categorisation as a Jew, on the grounds that
he had been baptised before 1938 and that he had two Italian parents.
30
This
is consistent with his 1938 letter to Mussolini. His appeal was upheld and in July
1939 he was received back into the
Albo Professionale dei Giornalisti
, despite his
description in Bottai’s
Regime Fascista
in April 1939 as ‘an out-and-out Jew’
(‘
un ebreo di sei cotte
’).
31
Now officially ‘Aryan’, Moravia attempted to have the
ban on his book overturned, or at least to let the existing print runs sell, and to
deal with reprintings when the issue arose. He was unsuccessful, and documents
in his police files continue to refer to him as a Jew. His new publisher Bompiani
(who had bought the rights to
Gli Indifferenti
in 1934) was permitted to publish
a new book,
I sogni del pigro
, in September 1940, on the grounds that Moravia was
not a Jew. Moravia also continued to publish as a journalist, until 13 February 1941,
when the Ministry for Popular Culture (Minculpop) instructed all newspaper editors
to have nothing further to do with him (Cassero 2004, p. 74; Ottavini 1999).
But the story of
Le ambizioni sbagliate
did not finish there. In March 1941 it came
to the attention of Minculpop that the novel was still advertised in Mondadori’s
catalogue, and the matter was referred to the Prefect of Milan. After a brief
investigation the Prefect reported that Mondadori had no copies of the book
remaining and that its inclusion in the catalogue was a clerical error. Fabre has
demonstrated that this was no error, that Mondadori did intend to republish the
book, which had sold well, and indeed that Mondadori did reprint it in July 1941, on
the grounds that Moravia was not a banned author. Bompiani published another
new Moravia novel,
La Mascherata
, in May 1941, once one offending sentence had
been removed. This was a piece of ‘political’ rather than ‘racial’ censorship. The
publication of this novel, a parody of a South American dictatorship very obviously
based on the real Italian model, must be one of the most bizarre decisions made by
the State bureaucracy of censorship in the Fascist period, and it suggests that things
were running out of control. The first print run sold out over the summer of 1941 and
Modern Italy
139
an application for permission to reprint in September 1941 was turned down.
32
The name ‘Moravia’ does not appear on the list of unapproved writers (‘
scrittori
non graditi
’) distributed to publishers and newspaper editors in March 1942, but the
name ‘Alberto Pincherle’ does, and it refers to the same person.
Conclusion
Moravia straddled a fault line in Fascist cultural policy. He was the one truly
successful young novelist to emerge during the Fascist period, winning an
international reputation for his first novel, written while still a teenager. The
regime wanted standard-bearers but not ones writing about crime, violence and
systematic betrayal, as in
Le ambizioni sbagliate
. Moravia’s emplotment of women,
especially the destructive figure of Andreina, was outside the regime’s horizon of
expectation. This is to leave aside two other contributing factors: first, his cousin
Carlo Rosselli was a dissident with an international profile, and secondly, a racist
policy was becoming a core value of Mussolini’s Fascism, inspired by a growing Nazi
influence on the Italian domestic political agenda.
We might be tempted to read the novel as Moravia’s depiction of the reality of
Fascism’s moral bankruptcy (Peterson 1996, pp. 26–33). But while clearly it is not a
Fascist novel, it is not really an anti-Fascist novel either. ‘Vittorio’ writing in
Giustizia e Liberta`
(November 1935) dismisses it as apolitical. The significance of the
novel is bound up less with authorial intention and more with the historical
circumstances of its early reception, and relationship of the State to the individual in
Fascist Italy.
It is a documented fact that Moravia was watched closely, his mail was monitored
from 1931 and the family telephone was tapped for most of the war, until 25 July
1943. The race laws were applied to him, albeit not consistently, and he was included
on the list of banned authors in 1942. On the other hand, although he did once
smuggle a letter from Rosselli into Italy (in his overcoat pocket; the police checked
his suitcase), he had no heroic commitment to anti-Fascism either, and was known to
be ambivalent about his cousins’ politics.
Even before the January 2004 publication of his letter to Mussolini, Moravia’s
posthumous reputation had been challenged, most recently in a book by the
ex-mayor of Milan, Paolo Pillitteri (Pillitteri 2003). Pillitteri’s book is a 300-page rant
that manages to caricature, unintentionally, the revisionist school of historians,
inspired by Renzo De Felice. Moravia is at times almost incidental to Pillitteri’s
argument. He is taken to task for his presentation of the Professor and his wife in
Il Conformista
as a slur on the memory of his cousin Carlo Rosselli and his English
wife Marion Cave. Pillitteri’s charge, without a shred of documentary evidence, is
that Moravia was a Fascist fellow-traveller when the Fascists were in power, who
transformed himself into a communist fellow-traveller after the war. Pillitteri accepts
the documented fact that the Rosselli brothers were killed by an ultra-Fascist French
group, but puts forward the red-conspiracy theory that the order for their execution
came not from Rome but from Moscow, through double agents, as part of Stalin’s
purge of heretics on the Left. Moravia’s unflattering portrayal of the Professor in
Il Conformista
thus plays to a communist conspiracy to blacken the name and
140
G. Talbot
reputation of Carlo Rosselli and to bolster post-war hegemony of the Italian
Communist Party (PCI) in Italian cultural life.
Pillitteri’s book is an unsubtle attempt to muddy waters, to put anti-Fascism on
a par with Fascism, and by extension to present the Resistance as a conflict between
two equal evils. More subtle variants of this ‘objective’ school of history have
won favour with parts of the Italian political establishment, and are to be seen
in scholarly publications and on television screens in recent accounts of the
foibe
.
33
But the views of Pillitteri and others of his ilk draw succour from interpretations
such as those of Ben-Ghiat as well as from the revisionist camp clustered around the
journal
Nuova storia contemporanea
. It is important to go back to the sources and
not to use them selectively. The evidence, archival and literary, does not support the
revisionist view of Moravia’s fellow-travelling with Fascism. The literary evidence
does not suggest much self-censorship. His letters to Ciano and Mussolini are
pragmatic but also subtly ironic pieces of self-preservation in response to the
threatened non-publication of his second novel and the end of his livelihood as
a writer. The threats were far from idle ones. In 1935 Jews and those regarded as
Jews in Italy were being treated with suspicion. By 1938, they were at risk, even if
the risk was less than that of being a Jew in the greater German Reich. Read naively,
out of context, the letters may be misleading as to his attitude to Fascism. Most
of Moravia’s reported comments on the politics of the time are couched in irony.
Although ‘Fascist’ is an adjective which may be conjoined to any number of
different nouns, the concept of ‘
ironia fascista
’ is surely an oxymoron. Pitigrilli
reported a pertinent example of Moravia’s political banter to his handlers in the
Polizia politica
:
What France needs now, Moravia said, is an Italian to take her in hand and
govern her. From Cardinal Mazarin to Napoleon, France has shown herself
amenable to having Italians in charge.
34
What better sentiment for the ensign of ‘a new kind of Italian civilization’?
Acknowledgement
I am very grateful to Brian Moloney for his comments and advice on this article while it was a work in
progress.
Notes
[1]
The ‘new’ document is to be found in Archivo Centrale dello Stato (ACS), Minculpop, Gabinetto,
II versamento, busta 8, fascicolo ‘Moravia, Alberto’. The ‘secondo versamento’ of the Minculpop
archive was released into the public domain in July 2003.The letter to Mussolini was published in
Il Corriere della Sera
6 January 2004. This file is distinct from the one kept on Moravia by the
political police (
Divisione Polizia Politica
, DPP), ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali,
‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella Adriana (1934–1939)’ and the one kept by the regular Ministry
of the Interior (MI) police (
Divisione Affari Riservati e Generali
, DARG), ACS, MI, DARG,
Cat. A1, 1940, busta 66 (Pincherle Moravia, Alberto di Carlo). His earlier letter to Ciano was
published in Moravia (1993).
Modern Italy
141
[2]
The essential prolegomenon to any discussion of the historiography of Fascist Italy, up to the late
1990s, is Bosworth (1998),
The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation
of Mussolini and Fascism
. Most of the secondary sources I draw on have been published since this
book appeared.
[3]
On the ‘
caso Silone
’ see Biocca (1998); Canali (1999); Biocca & Canali (2000); Canali (2000); and
Ben-Ghiat (2001, pp. 55–69).
[4]
On D’Annunzio as a prototype for Mussolini see Ledeen (1977); Woodhouse (1998); and more
recently Salaris (2002). On Marinetti as a forerunner of Fascist style see Nicholls (1995, pp. 84–111),
and Spackman (1996, pp. 49–76).
[5]
Ungaretti was a Paris correspondent for Mussolini’s daily newspaper
Il Popolo d’Italia
for part of
1919. Mussolini wrote a preface for the 1923 edition of his
Il Porto sepolto
.
[6]
See Mussolini (1934, pp. 374–375). The English translation is that of Doug Thompson, in
Thompson (1991).
[7]
On the history of the Accademia, see Ferrarotto (1977).
[8]
On the concept of ‘deep belief’ in an Italian Fascist context, see Bosworth (2004).
[9]
Mussolini’s ambiguous judgement on the novel confided to Yvon De Begnac was the following:
Young Moravia, nephew of syndacalist De Marsanich and son of Pincherle, a Jewish engineer
[sic], is becoming the object of reflections on a mute and invisible anti-Fascism which is
terribly sordid.
Gli Indifferenti
is written in mediocre Italian and presents an obscene picture
of the middle class ‘strong in describing a Roman environment which I wouldn’t have
suspected could still survive’. (De Begnac 1990, pp. 483–484)
For the record, Moravia’s father was an architect, not an engineer.
[10]
See ‘Italia’,
Enciclopedia italiana
, 29, 958.
[11]
A similar point is made by Marla Stone concerning architects and figurative artists (Stone 1998,
p. 4). See also Fabre (1998, pp. 11–17) and the entry ‘Censura’ in De Grazia & Luzzatto (2002).
[12]
Cardarelli, in particular, was a long-term parasite on the Fascist state. See ACS, Minculpop, Gab.,
II versamento, busta 3, fascicolo ‘Cardarelli, Vincenzo’. Between 1932 and 1934 he received 9,000
lire and by September 1936 he was receiving 1,000 lire per month through Minculpop.
[13]
See Fabre (1998, p. 20), and ACS, MI, DGPS, DARG, F4, b. 108, f. F4/AG, ‘Sturzo Luigi
(Pubblicazioni di)’ as well as ACS, MI, DGPS, DARG, F4, b. 117, ‘Elenco generale delle stampe
estere sequestrate’ (413 pages), distributed Jan.–Mar. 1931, with supplements for 1932, 1934 and
1936.
[14]
See Fabre (1998, p. 22). For a profile of Prefects during the Fascist period see Morgan (1998).
Morgan argues that although
the Fascist regime claimed to be installing a new social and political order in and through the
‘totalitarian’ state [
. . .
] up to two-thirds of the agents of state authority in the provinces were
non-Fascist career officials. (p. 258)
This statistic may explain why Ciano found it necessary to centralize decisions on censorship after
just eight months.
[15]
For the most recent work on Mussolini’s relations with the foreign press, see Canosa (2002).
[16]
Furst had also acted as foreign whistle-blower in relation to the setting up of the
Accademia
. He
wrote:
When Mussolini created the Italian Academy he may have hit upon a shrewd political move,
but he was not furthering the cause of Italian letters, for by holding up before the eyes of the
more important
literati
the mirage of membership in the new body which sits in the Farnesina,
with its appanage of 30.000 lire a year and, not least, the title of ‘Eccellenza’, he was dragging
literature into politics. One by one, like flowers before the storm, head after head has bowed
itself before the power that holds the key to glory. Last year Adriano Tilgher, who had been
the leader of the literary opposition to Fascism and, with the surcharged venom of his pen,
had written in the famous
Becco Giallo
, quips which have not yet been forgotten, crept into
the fold; this year Vincenzo Cardarelli, who, in all justice be it said, was never in any way, far
from it, an opponent of the regime.
See Furst (1931). For more information on Furst’s cultural activities in Italy see Talbot (2002,
2004).
142
G. Talbot
[17]
Fabre (1998, p. 437) reproduces the image in black and white.
[18]
See ACS, MI, DGPS, Cat. A1, b. 66 (Pincherle Moravia, Alberto di Carlo). The report which
is quoted (dated 23 February 1934) is to be found in the file kept on him by the Divizione
Polizia Politica: ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali, ‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella
Adriana’.
[19]
He had been referred to dismissively in the pages of
Il Tevere
by Interlandi, more than once, as a
‘half-Jew’; see Michaelis (1998, p. 218). Moravia, however, was also an occasional contributor to
Il Tevere
.
[20]
Enzo Collotti argues that the Lateran Pacts had played an important role in the promotion of anti-
Semitism in Italy, but that flames had been fanned by the
Giustizia e Liberta`
arrests in Turin in 1935.
See Collotti (2003, pp. 19–21); also Blatt (1995).
[21]
The police report states that Levi shouted at them ‘
cani di italiani vigliacchi
’, in order to blacken his
name and represent Italian Jews as anti-Italian. The accusation is rejected by Blatt, and by Michele
Sarfatti in his book
Gli ebrei nell’Italia fascista
(Sarfatti 2000, pp. 90–91).
[22]
Cited in De Felice (1977, p. 179; my translation).
[23]
See Rosselli (1935). An annotated copy is to be found in ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali,
‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella Adriana’.
[24]
See ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali, ‘Pincherle Moravia Alberto e sorella Adriana’.
[25]
Part of the report from informer no. 353 (Vincenzo Bellavia), dated ‘Parigi, 9 febbraio 1935’:
Nobody here has accused him of being immoral. Indeed some of the most respected critics say
that like all true novelists he is essentially a moralist and that the sometimes excessive realism
which he uses to describe certain parts of society is not at all gleeful, but instead tends
to criticize vices and shameful acts whose existence cannot truthfully be denied.
Bellavia organised a network of spies and informers for the
Polizia Politica
in Paris in the 1930s. See
Franzinelli (1999, especially pp. 132–133), and Canali (2004), which gives an exhaustive account of
Bellavia’s activities.
[26]
See Arnaldo Colasanti’s introduction to Moravia (2002, p. ii), and Moravia & Elkann (2000, p. 41).
[27]
The review is signed ‘Vittorio’,
Giustizia e Liberta`
, 47, 22 November 1935.
[28]
In a 1993 interview Neos Dinale, chief censor in the
Ufficio Stampa
when the novel was submitted,
described it as ‘too negative [
. . .
] too much at odds with our outlook on life’. See Fabre (1993,
p. 149).
[29]
See Pini (1950), cited in Michaelis (1998, p. 232).
[30]
On Fascist legal definitions of Jewishness in Italy, see Sarfatti (2000, pp. 154–164).
[31]
Biondolillo (1939), cited in Fabre (1998, p. 397).
[32]
The reason for that decision is probably to be found in an anonymous memorandum in the file of
the political police, dated Firenze, 31 Agosto 1941, ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personal,
‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella Adriana’:
A few months ago Bompiani published a novel called
La Mascherata
by a certain Moravia
(a discriminated Jew?), already known for having written other novels. It is a novel which
should be brought to your attention because like all such things which come from Jewish
blood, it contains a grave danger for anyone coming into contact with it. That is to say it
exudes moral depravation and incitement, creating imaginary situations which lend
themselves to interpretations which are very, very subtle and dangerous.
It is about a general who is put into power by the people of a small imaginary state. These
people have tired of nearly 10 years spent in a state of civil war, so finally they have turned to
a single leader. (Allusion to authoritarian, so-called dictatorial states). The leader soon
becomes aware of large-scale swindling carried out to the detriment of his people by
government ministers, his own collaborators. But he cannot act because his hands are tied by
family bonds and erotic liaisons which bring to light an obscene side of this great man. That is
the gist of it. There are many other imaginary creations which undermine social cohesion such
as the unmasking of a system adopted to put down non-existent plots which he deliberately
pretends to have toiled to frustrate, and all with the aim of tricking the workers. Anyone who
reads it will find lots more than has been set out here very succinctly. It seems that other
books by this Moravia have left much to be desired, especially in terms of obscenity and
morals. But this time he seems to have gone too far, overstepping the line of political
tendentiousness.
Modern Italy
143
[33]
On the scholarly front concerning the
foibe
, see the special issue of
Storia e memoria
(2004), vol. 13,
no. 1, ‘Foibe. Oltre i silenzi, le rimozioni, le strumentalizzazioni’, Istituto ligure per la storia
della Resistenza e dell’eta` contemporanea, Genoa. On the historiography more generally,
see Bosworth (1998).
[34]
See ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali ‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella Adriana’.
References
Manuscripts
ACS, Minculpop, Gab., II versamento, busta 3, fascicolo ‘Cardarelli, Vincenzo’.
ACS, Minculpop, Gabinetto, II versamento, busta 8, fascicolo ‘Moravia, Alberto’.
ACS, MI, DGPS, DPP, fascicoli personali, ‘Pincherle Moravia, Alberto e sorella Adriana (1934–1939)’.
ACS, MI, DARG, Cat. A1, 1940, busta 66 (Pincherle Moravia, Alberto di Carlo).
ACS, MI, DGPS, DARG, F4, busta 108, fascicolo F4/AG, ‘Sturzo Luigi (Pubblicazioni di)’.
ACS, MI, DGPS, DARG, F4, busta 117, ‘Elenco generale delle stampe estere sequestrate’.
Books and Articles
Adamson, W. L. (2001) ‘Avant garde modernism and Italian modernism: cultural politics in the era of
Mussolini’,
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 230–248.
Ben-Ghiat, R. (2001)
Fascist Modernities
, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Biocca, D. (1998) ‘Ignazio Silone e la polizia politica’,
Nuova storia contemporanea
, vol. 2, no. 3,
pp. 67–90.
Biocca, D. & Canali, M. (2000)
L’informatore: Silone, i comunisti e la polizia politica
, Luni, Milan.
Biondolillo, F. (1939) ‘Giudaismo letterario’,
Regime Fascista
, 8 April.
Blatt, J. (1995) ‘The battle of Turin, 1933–1936: Carlo Rosselli,
Giustizia e Liberta`
, OVRA and the origins
of Mussolini’s anti-Semitic campaign’,
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22–57.
Bonsaver, G. (2003) ‘Fascist censorship on literature and the case of Elio Vittorini’,
Modern Italy
, vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 165–186.
Bosworth, R. J. B. (1998)
The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of
Mussolini and Fascism
, Arnold, London.
Bosworth, R. J. B. (2002)
Mussolini
, Arnold, London.
Bosworth, R. J. B. (2004) ‘War, totalitarianism and ‘‘Deep Belief’’ in Fascist Italy, 1935–43’,
European
History Quarterly
, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 475–505.
Bottai, G. (1932) ‘Italianita` e modernita`’,
Critica fascista
, 15 October.
Bottai, G. (1935) ‘La tessera e l’ingegno’,
Critica fascista
, 15 April.
Canali, M. (1999) ‘Il fiduciario ‘‘Silvestri’’: Ignazio Silone, i comunisti e la polizia politica fascista’,
Nuova
storia contemporanea
, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61–80.
Canali, M. (2000) ‘Ignazio Silone and the Fascist political police’,
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 36–60.
Canali, M. (2004)
Le spie del regime
, Il Mulino, Bologna.
Cannistraro, P. V. (1975)
La fabbrica del consenso: fascismo e mass media
, Laterza, Rome–Bari.
Canosa, R. (2000)
I servizi segreti del duce: I persecutori e le vittime
, Mondadori, Milan.
Canosa, R. (2002)
La voce del Duce. L’agenzia Stefani: l’arma segreta di Mussolini
, Mondadori, Milan.
Cassero, R. (2004)
Le veline del Duce
, Sperling & Kupfer, Milan.
Collotti, E. (2003)
Il fascismo e gli ebrei: Le leggi razziali in Italia
, Laterza, Bari–Rome.
Corner, P. (2002) ‘Fascismo e controllo sociale’,
Italia contemporanea
, vol. 228, pp. 381–405.
De Begnac, Y. (1990)
Taccuini mussoliniani
, ed. F. Perfetti, Il Mulino, Bologna.
De Felice, R. (1977)
Storia degli ebrei sotto il fascismo
, Mondadori, Milan.
De Grazia, V. (1981)
The Culture of Consent: Mass Organization of Leisure in Fascist Italy
, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
De Grazia, V. (1992)
How Fascism Ruled Women
, University of California Press, Berkeley.
De Grazia, V. & Luzzatto, S. (eds) (2002)
Dizionario del fascismo
, 2 vols, Einaudi, Turin.
Diggins, J. P. (1972)
Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America
, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ.
Fabre, G. (1993) ‘Giu` la maschera’,
Panorama
, 28 November, pp. 147–150.
Fabre, G. (1998)
L’Elenco: Censura fascista, editoria e autori ebrei
, Silvio Zamorani editore, Turin.
144
G. Talbot
Ferrarotto, M. (1977)
L’Accademia d’Italia: intellettuali e potere durante il fascismo
, Liguori, Naples.
Franzinelli, M. (1999)
I tentacoli dell’OVRA: Agenti, collaboratori e vittime della polizia politica fascista
,
Bollati Boringhieri, Turin.
Furst, H. (1931) ‘Italian Literature and Politics’,
New York Times Book Review
, 26 April.
Furst, H. (1936) ‘A Novel is Disillusion in a Roman Setting’,
New York Times Book Review
, 16 February.
Gentile, G. (ed.) (1927–37)
Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti
, Istituto della Enciclopedia
italiana, Rome.
Greco, L. (1983)
Censura e scrittura: Vittorini, lo pseudo-Malaparte, Gadda
, Il Saggiatore, Milan.
Griffin, R. (1998) ‘The sacred synthesis: the ideological cohesion of Fascist cultural policy’,
Modern Italy
,
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 5–23.
Ledeen, M. (1977)
The First Duce
, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Michaelis, M. (1998) ‘Mussolini’s unofficial mouthpiece’,
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
, vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 217–239.
Morgan, P. J. (1998) ‘The prefects and party-state relations in Fascist Italy’,
Journal of Modern Italian
Studies
, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 241–272.
Moravia, A. (1935)
Le ambizioni sbagliate
, Bompiani, Milan; Moravia, A. (1929)
Gli indifferenti
,
Alpes, Milan.
Moravia, A. (1993) ‘L’indifferente Moravia’,
Panorama
, 28 November, pp. 144–147.
Moravia, A. (2002)
Le ambizioni sbagliate,
4th edn, Bompiani, Milan.
Moravia, A. & Elkann, A. (2000)
Life of Moravia
, trans. W. Weaver, Steerforth Press, Royalton,
Vermont.
Mussolini, B. (1934)
Scritti e discorsi
, vol. 5 [1925–26], Hoepli, Milan.
Nicholls, P. (1995)
Modernisms: A Literary Guide
, Routledge, London.
Ottavini, G. (1999)
Le veline del Minculpop
, Todariana, Milan.
Pertile L. (1986) ‘Fascism and literature’ in
Rethinking Italian Fascism
, ed. D. Forgacs, Lawrence &
Wishart, London, pp. 162–184.
Peterson, T. E. (1996)
Alberto Moravia
, Twayne, New York.
Pillitteri, P. (2003)
Il conformista indifferenti e il delitto Rosselli
, Edizioni Bietti, Milan.
Pini, G. (1950)
Filo diretto con Palazzo Venezia
, Cappelli, Bologna, p. 104.
Rosselli, C. (1935) ‘La proibizione del nuovo romanzo di Alberto Moravia’,
Giustizia e Liberta`
, 4 January.
Salaris, C. (2002)
Alla festa della rivoluzione: Artisti e libertari con D’Annunzio a Fiume
, Il Mulino, Milan.
Sarfatti, M. (2000)
Gli ebrei nell’Italia fascista
, Einaudi, Turin.
Seldes, G. (1936)
Sawdust Caeser: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism
, Barker, London.
Spackman, B. (1996)
Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy
, University of
Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis.
Stone, M. (1998)
The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy
, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ.
Talbot, G. (2002) ‘Montale’s critical friendship with Henry Furst’,
il falso cardinale’, Spunti e ricerche
,
vol. 17, pp. 65–80.
Talbot, G. (2004) ‘Unpublished letters from Henry Furst to Benedetto Croce, 1932–39’,
Italian Studies
,
vol. 59, pp. 114–131.
Thompson, D. (1991)
State Control in Fascist Italy: Culture and Conformity, 1925–43
, Manchester
University Press, Manchester.
Turi, G. (1995)
Giovanni Gentile: Una biografia
, Giunti, Florence.
Turi, G. (2002)
Lo Stato educatore: Politica e intellettuali nell’Italia fascista
, Laterza, Bari–Rome.
Woodhouse, J. R. (1998)
Gabriele d’Annunzio: Defiant Archangel
, Clarendon, Oxford.
Modern Italy
145
View publication stats
View publication stats
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |