Answers for lexicology 1

CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

E 1. Analyze the structure of the following words: eg. misuse

B F

Convene dislike preface foresee darkroom subway B B B F B F B F F F B F Recut supervise postwar policeman friendship typist B F F B B F F F F B F B Loneliness assistant intervene F B F B B B

E 2. – Separate word form into its constituent morpheme:

Eg. expression = {ex-} {-press} {-ion}

- State whether the base is bound or free and what it means

- Give at least two English words containing the same base.

Detachment = {de-} {-tach} {-ment}, the base {-tach} is a bound one; eg. attachment

Expectation = {ex} {-pect} {-ation}, the base {-pect} is a bound base, eg. pectize

Portable = {port-} {-able}, the base {port} is free base, eg. import, export

Correspondent = {cor-} {-respond} {-dent}, the base {-respond} is free base, eg. irresponsive

Revise = {re-} {-vise}, the base {-vise} is bound base, eg. supervise

Eject = {e-} {-ject}, the base {-ject} is bound base, eg. inject, project

Retainer = {re-} {-tain} {-er}, the base {-tain} is bound base, eg. maintain, contain

Contradic = {contra-} {-dict}, the base {-dict} is bound base, eg. predict, dictionary

Telephone = {tele-} {-phone}, the base {-phone} is bound base, eg. homophone, headphone

Apprehensible = {ap-} {-pre} {-hens} {-ible}, the base {-hens}is bound base, eg. comprehensive, comprehensible

Regress = {re-} {-gress}, the base {-gress} is bound base, eg. congress

Deceiver = {de-} {-ceiv} {-er}, the base {-ceiv} is bound base, eg. receive, perceive

Department = {de-} {-part} {-ment}, the base {-part} is free base, eg. apartment

Intervene = {inter-} {-vene}, the base {-vene} is bound base, eg. convene, subvene

Consent = {con-} {-sent}, the base {-sent} is bound base, eg. resent, assent

CHAPTER IV. WORD – BUILDING

IV. 1. Affixation

E 1. Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are productive?

-tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ess, -ing, -th, -age

Suffixes	Productiveness
- tion: nation, derivation, station	productive
- dom: kingdom, freedom	-
- ness: homelessness, loneliness	productive
- ism: criticism, terrorism	productive
- ship: friendship, scholarship	-
- er: worker, teacher, lawyer	productive
- or: actor, professor, vendor	productive
- ist: impressionist, specialist	productive
- ess: lioness	-
- ing: wedding, functioning	productive
- th: sixth, eighth	-
- age: leakage, advatantage	-

E 2. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following words

Childhood, friendship, freedom, toward, backward, brotherly, rider, granny, teacher, aunty, hierling, village, hindrance, drunkard, limitation, reinforcement, cheerfulness.

1. Native suffixes:

- hood: state or quality of , condition

- ship: state or quality of , condition

- dom: condition or state of

- ward: in the direction of

- ly: in the way mantioned, having the quality of

- er: denoting agent, residence of, device

- y: full of, having quality of

- ing: denoting agent, action, fact

- ness: the quality, state or charater of

- ard: having the quality

2. Borrowing suffixes:

- age: action or result of action (Latin)

- ance: state or charater (Latin)

- ion: action or process (Latin)

- ment: action, process (Latin)
E 3. Give adjectives or adverbs with the following suffixes:

- y: sleepy, cloudy, sunny, windy

- ed: talented, interested

- ward: backward, onward, upward

- long: age-long

- wise: clockwise, likewise

- ly: windy, manly, brotherly, slowly
E 4. Give verbs with the following suffixes:

- ize: legalize, civilize, industrialize

- en: lengthen, darken, widen

- fy: clarify, testify, modify

- ish: poverish, publish, polish

- ate: generate, activate, demenstrate

E 5. Form some adjectives from noun stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives.

Child – childish girl – girlish baby – babyish cat – cattish

In this form, suffix –ish is added to the noun to make the adjective have meaning “similar to or behave like”. (use antonyms or synonyms to explain)
E 6. Form some adjectives from adjective stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives.

Cool – coolish red – reddish yellow – yellowish fool – foolish

When suffix –ish is added to adjective stem to make adjective it will add an depreciation to the meaning of the stem.
E 7. Pick out the productive and non-productive prefixes:

Un-, be-, pre-, al-, non-, mis-, post-, a-, anti-, out-, ex-, for-, re-, up-, counter-, extra-, super-, dis, trans-, inter-, ante-, ultra-, infra-, under-, intro-

Productive prefixes:

Un-: unhappy – unhappily, uneasy – uneasiness – uneasily

Be-: beget – begetter

Pre-: preheat – preheating

Al-: allocate – allocation, almighty – almightily – almightiness

Non-: non-productive – non-productiveness

Mis-: misunderstand – misunderstanding

Post-: postposition – postpositional

A-: achromatic – achromatize – achromatism

Out-: outfight – outfighting, outfit – outfitter

Ex-: ex-service – exserviceman

For-: forbidding – forbiddingness

Re-: rearrange – rearrangement

Up-: upland – uplander

Super-: supercharge – supercharger

Dis-: disable – disability

Trans-: transact – transaction

Inter-: interact – interactive – interaction

The rest in bold are non-productive prefixes.
E 7. Classify the following prefixes according to their origin:

Re-, under-, with-, in-, over-, trans-, anti-, a-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, mis-, co-, ex-

Native prefixes: under-, with-, over-, a-, mis-

Borrowing prefixes: re-, in-, trans-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, co-, ex- (Latin).

anti- (Greek)

IV.2. Composition – compound

E 1. Arrange the compounds given below into grooups: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total.

Idiomatic		Non-idiomatic
Total change	Partial change
Light-hearted Butterfly Tallboy Bluestocking Dragonfly	Homebody Bluebell Free-way Highway Blackberry Lazy-bone Good-for-nothing	Medium-size Wolf-dog Earthquake Looking-glass Necklace Greengrocer

E 2. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in three columns: simple neutral compounds, neutral derived compounds and neutral contracted compounds.

Simple neutral	Neutral derived	Neutral contracted
A car’s windshield A heavy topcoat A snow-white handkerchief A howl long and wolf-like	An air-conditioned hall A high pitched voice Thoudsands of gold-seekers A lightish-colored man A glass-walled room A radio-equipped car A big hunting-knife	To fight against H-bomb Big A.A. guns To go into frantic U-turns To fix M-day

E 3. Analyze the structure of the following words:

Get-at-table, undertaker, looking-glass, sea-coast, fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live, heart-broken, hair’s breadth, bird’s eye, penny-a-liner, butter-fingers, mother-of-thousands, sunfish, ladybird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, gaslight, office-in-charge, workday.

These above words are compounds, and they can be divided in to 3 groups according to the structural aspects: neutral, morphological and syntactic compounds.

Neutral compounds		Morphological compounds	Syntactic compounds
Simple	Derived
Sea-coast, fountain-pen, red-hot, sunfish, ladybird, gaslight, workday	Undertaker, looking-glass, heart-broken, hair’s breadth, bird’s eye, butter-fingers	#	Get-at-table, stay-at-home, will-to-live, penny-a-liner, mother-of-thousands, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, office-in-charge

E 4. - Comment on the meaning and the form of the following compounds

- Compare the meaning of the compound with that of its components.

+ butterball, butterfinger: N + N, idiomatic, total change

buttermilk, butter-woman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change

+ dustman, motorman, milkman, fisherman, shipman, postman, oilman, woodman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change

nobleman, madman: Adj + N, non-idiomatic.

+ craftsman, salesman, batsman, oarsman, kinsman, herdsman, statesman, sportsman: N + infix + N, idiomatic, partial change.

+ pot-boy, stable-boy, post-boy, cowboy, doughboy: N + N, idiomatic, partial change.

+ ladybird, lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love: mixed up, idiomatic, total change.

+ hot-blooded, cold-blooded, thick-headed, woodened-headed, pig-headed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

+ cross-eyed, eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed, single-eyed, wild-eyed, green-eyed (idiomatic, total change), round-eyed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, partial change.

hollow-eyed, dim-eyed, sleepy-eyed: Adj + N_ed, non-idiomatic.

+ black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-hearted, chicken-hearted, cold-hearted, light-hearted, cruel-hearted: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

E 5. Form as many compounds as possible, using the follwing stems as their first component:

Grass-, hand-, ink-, horse-, mother-, pack-, steam-, steel-

Grass-: grassroots, grasswidow, grasshopper

Hand-: handwriting, handicraft, handbag, handball, handbrake

Ink-: inkpot, inkbottle, inkpad, inkwell

Horse-: horsepower, horseback, horsebean, horse opera, horse race, horse-tail

Mother-: mother-in-law, mother-of-thousands, motherland, mother tongue, mother-to-be

Pack-: pack horse, pack saddle, pack job, pack rat, pack train

Steam-: steam engine, steam bath, steamturbine, steam jacket

Steel-: steelworker, steel band, steelhead

E 6. Form as many compounds as possible, using the following stems as their second components:

-man, -berry,- woman, - boy,- room, -looking

-man: salesman, policeman, businessman, spokesman

-berry: blackberry, strawberry, cranberry

-woman: policewoman, businesswoman, chairwoman

-boy: pot-boy, cowboy, post-boy

-room: livingroom, bathroom, bedroom

-looking: good looking, forward-looking

IV.3. Words formed by special processes:

IV.3.1. Conversion:

E 1. State the relationships in conversion of the following words:

Noun	Verb	Relationship
- ape - ass - duck	to ape to ass to duck	Nouns are the names of animals, verbs denote typical actions or behaviour.
- fish	to fish	Try to catch fish
- eye - finger - shoulder	to eye to finger to shoulder	N – name of part of the human body, V – an action performed by it.
- top	to top	N – name of place, V – the process of occupying the place or of putting sth/ smb in it.
- dress - pocket	to dress to pocket	N – name of container, V – act of putting sth within the container
- line - square - star	to line to square to star	N – name of symbol, V – process of making it.
- cork	to cork	N – name of tool, V – action performed by the tool.

E 2. Compare the meaning of the words in the bold type with that of the corresponding nouns.

- to head an army: means to lead the noun head – part of body.

- to toe a mark: means to make or press the noun toe – part of body.

- to eye a foe: means to watch the noun eye – part of body.

- to chair a candidate: means to point the noun chair – name of place.

- to table a resolution: means to discuss the noun table – name of place.

- to foot a stocking: means to wear the noun foot – part of body.

- to mind a command: means to notice the noun mind – part of body.

- to fish a compliment: means to try to get the noun fish – name of animal.

- to stone a martyr: means to kill the noun stone – name of tool.

- to dress a wound: means to cover or wear the noun dress – name of container.
IV.3.2. Shortening

Write out in full the following shortened words. Define the type of shortening.

- N.C.O: Non Commissioned Officer acronym

- pub: public house ellipsis

- ad: advertisement final clipping

- fancy: fantasy contraction – rhythm

- H-bomb: Hydrogen bomb initial abbreviation

- V-day: Victory day initial abbreviation

- USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics acronym

- UNO: United Nations Organizartion acronym

- UNESCO: United Nations Educational, acronym

Scientific and Cultural Organizaton

- mike: microphone shortening spoken language

- lab: laboratory final clipping

- FIFA: International Football Association acronym

(Fédération Internationale de Football Association)

- USA: United Nations of America acronym

- ml: millilitre acronym

- UFO: Unidentified Flying Object acronym

- TEFL: Teaching (of) English as a acronym

Foreign Language

- UEFA: Union of European Football Associations acronym