Anis H. Bajrektarevic is a Professor and a Chairperson for International Law and Global



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315795943-Central-Asia-Special-Report

MODERNDIPLOMACY.EU


Kazakhstan experiences a wide variety of crime
taking place in urban and rural centers; most
crime takes places in urban centers: “crime rates
during 2012 rose substantially nationwide as
compared to 2011.”[23] Crimes against foreign-
ers are uncommon, but when they do occur,
they are low level theft, purse snatching, as-
saults and robberies.[24] Financial fraud and
corruption is growing and credit card informa-
tion is often compromised.
ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AND CHALLENgES
Recognizing a change from a centralized econ-
omy to a free market economy, the introduction
of the tenge currency, foreign direct invest-
ment, mass privatization, and exploitation of oil,
Kazakhstan has managed to become one of the
best performing former-Soviet Republics. Kaza-
khstan has vast oil and natural gas reserves and
Kazakhstan is also the second largest oil and
gas producer of the former Soviet Union states,
behind Russia. Kazakhstan’s energy petroleum
industry accounted for one-third of its GDP in
2008. Kazakhstan has a potential total of 95-117
billion barrels of oil reserves; proven reserves
range from eight to 22 billion[25]. Natural gas
reserves are four trillion cubic meters and 1.5-
2.35 trillion are considered proven[26]. The
“Kazakh oil is now transported mainly through
Russian territory via old Soviet pipelines…as
well as via the new [CPC] system [formed in
1992] (Tengiz-Novorossisk).”[27] The pipelines
are old, decrepit, could cause environmental 
problems if they burst, and are costly to re-
pair.[28] Defects in other major pipelines such
as the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline have made
countries reliant upon Russia and the Baku-Tbil-
isi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline.[29] Kazakhstan has
also relied on rail networks and shipping for
transport. 
Kashagan, is an offshore oil field in Kazakhstan’s
Caspian Sea oil zone (divided among Caspian
Sea consortium members) and was discovered
in 2000 along with the oil field is the largest oil
discovery in the last thirty years. Kashagan is
the largest old field outside of the Middle East
and the fifth largest in the world. The Kashagan
oilfield is expected to be the largest oilfield out-
side of the Middle East with estimated reserves
of 50 bbl/d.[30] It is considered an oil megapro-
ject as excavation has proven difficult. Accord-
ing to the Kazakhstan news outlet Tengri News,
Kashagan is the most expensive oil project yet
as “development has already absorbed $116 bil-
lion,”[31] and “the field's commercial reserves
are estimated to made from 9 billion barrels to
16 billion barrels of oil[;] geological reserves are
estimated at 35 million barrels.”[32] The project
was activated in 2013 and pumping of oil
began, but pipes were damaged and sulfur gas
started to leak and operations ceased. 

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