Английская грамматика: модальные глаголы

4. The negative of must (be) is mustn’t (be).

You mustn’t be noisy outside a hospital.

5. We express deduction about the past with must have been.

You haven’t eaten for hours. You must have been hungry.
6. The negative of had to is didn’t have to.

It was a holiday yesterday, so I didn’t have to be at work.

11. Modal verbs. Preferences

Теория:
Study the information about expressing preferences.
1. We use would rather and would sooner in exactly the same way to express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future.

I’d rather/I’d sooner be an accountant than an artist.

2. We can refer to the past.

If I could choose again, I’d rather/sooner have been a postman than a builder.

3. We use the past perfect form after I’d rather to refer to past time.

I’d rather have been present.
I’d rather you had been present.
4. You can omit the main part of the verb in short responses.

Frank is going to buy a new coffee machine. - I’d rather he didn’t. (negative response)

Sam won’t give up his present job. - I’d rather he did.

12. Modal verbs. A scale of choice

Теория:
Study the information about ‘a scale of choice’ and expressing necessity in other tenses.
1. We use should and ought to when it’s advisable, but there is some choice.

You should go to the doctor.
2. Had better is stronger, it is a warning.

You’d better have medical check.
3. Have to, have got to (less formal) and must (when you have no choice).

You have to/have got to/must take medicine.

4. We tend to refer must when we refer to ourselves, with you to express urgency, in public notices, pressing invitations or advice.
I really must weed this garden.


You must come and repair that fence.
5. Must can refer to present or the future.

He must speak to me tomorrow.