Andijon davlat chet tillari instituti ingliz tili nazariy aspektlari kafedrasi chet tillarni o

Discourse analysis and transcription

Discourse analysis" refers to a variety of procedures for examining chunks of language, whether spoken 

or written (Allwright and Bailey, 1991). 
In the case of classroom research, discourse analysis usually involves the analysis of spoken language as it is 
used in classrooms among teachers and learners. Van Lier (1988:122) describes it as "an analysis of the 
processes of interaction by means of a close examination of audiovisual records of interaction". 
The focus on lengths of oral discourse in classroom interaction leads us naturally to units of analysis which 
are different from the concepts of sentence, clause, or phrase, as these terms are used in syntactic analysis. 
Instead, discourse analysts, who are interested in the way talk is structured, have investigated concepts such 
as utterances, repair strategies, topic nomination and turns. 
Discourse analysts typically use transcripts and audiotaped or videotaped interactions as their data base. Some 
use transcripts and accompanying videotapes in order to document the nonverbal channel of communications 
(see Appendix 2.6). 
Transcripts vary widely in their level of technical complexity. They may use standard ortography or detailed 
phonetic transcription of speech, depending on the research goal. 
Triangulation: the value of multiple perspectives

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Anthropologists have borrowed this term from land surveying to suggest that at least two perspectives are 
necessary if an accurate picture of a particular phenomenon is to be obtained. 
Triangulation
can take several 
different forms (Denzin, 1970:472). 
a) One of them is 
data triangulation
, which means using a variety of sampling strategies, for example, 
data related to the time and social situations collected in different occasions to ensure that the objectives 
proposed are studied in more than one way. 
b) Another is 
investigator triangulation
, in which more than one observer contributes to the findings to 
gain more reliability. 
c)
Methodological triangulation
refers to using different methods (for example, observation, analysis of 
transcripts and self-report surveys) to collect the data. 
d) Finally, 
theoretical triangulation
demands that the researchers approach the data analysis with more than 
one perspective on possible interpretations. 
The combination of multiple methods, data types, observers and theories in the same research study is 
called 
multiple triangulation
(Denzin 1970:472).