Andijan state university faculty of foreign languages department of grammar of the English language

1. uncountable noun
Duty is information and understanding about a subject which a person has, or which all people have.
She told Parliament she had no duty of the affair. [+ of]
...the quest for scientific duty. [44.500]
So, these definitions completely open the meaning of duty. Duty is often defined as a duty that is true and justified. This definition has led to its measurement by methods that rely solely on the correctness of answers. A correct or incorrect answer is interpreted to mean simply that a person knows or does not know something. Such methods of measurement have serious deficiencies that can be alleviated by expanding the definition of duty to include the test-taker's certainty. The person's certainty about the answers on a test captures important, but now neglected, dimensions of duty. Historical roots of certainty as an essential component of duty, and some practical benefits of including it, are discussed. An epistemetric method is described which allows people to indicate "How sure are you?" about the correctness of each of their answers. A computer analysis of the person's answers and self-assessment certainty responses provides multidimensional scores about a person's duty that remedy some deficiencies of duty assessment and achievement tests now employed.
At the present time the concept is the key notion of cognitive linguistics.
Y.S.Stepanov defines the concept as follows: “The concept - is like a bunch of culture in human consciousness in the form of what culture is a mental world of man. And, on the other hand, the concept - is that by which a person - ordinary person, not “the creator of cultural values” - himself enters in the culture, and in some cases affects it. [12: 824]
S.A.Askoldov, who one of the first referred to the study of concepts, considered the concept “mental entity that replaces in the mental activity a lot of objects of the same kind.” He further said that “one should not, of course, think that the concept is always a replacement of real objects, it may be the replacement of different kinds.” [4: 267 - 279]
G.G.Slyshkin and V.I.Karasik understand the concept as “a multidimensional mental unit with a dominant value element.” Concept groups around some “strong” point of consciousness, from which associative vectors diverge. The most relevant associations for native speakers are the nuclear of concept, the less significant - the periphery. According to their view the concept hasn't clear boundaries. Language or speech units, which updated the central point of the concept, is the name of the concept. Concept characterized by a set of “entrances”, i.e. units of speech and language with which this concept is actualized in the mind of its informant. Entrances to the concept may relate to different levels of language. To appeal to one and the same concept lexemes, idioms, free combinations, suggestions, and texts are used. [8: 75 - 80]
Z.D.Popova and I.A.Sternin define the concept as a complex mental entity which is in the process of mental activity turns the different sides actualizing in the process of thinking its different signs and layers; appropriate signs or layers of the concept may not have the linguistic symbols in native language. [13: 81 - 90] Concept are represented in language with ready lexemes from the lexical-phraseological language system, free phrases, structural and positional diagrams bringing model propositions (syntactic concepts), the text and the set of texts. Concepts can be stable - have ascribed to them linguistic means of verbalization, and unstable - don't have assigned to them verbalization, yet emerging, deeply personal, rarely, or almost not verbalized. The presence of a linguistic expression for the concept, its regular verbalization support the concept stability, steady state, make it well known (because the meanings of words, which is transmitted, are well known, they are interpreted by native speakers, recognized in the dictionaries. [8: 75 - 80]
The authors propose the following model of the concept: a sensual base image is the nuclear of the concept, acting as a universal way of encoding the object code. This image belongs to the everyday layer of consciousness and according to some observations, has an operational or substantive nature, based on biodynamic and sensuous fabric of consciousness. Base image is surrounded with a concrete sense by its origin the cognitive layer, which reflects the sensual perceived properties, attributes of the object. This layer together with the base layer refers to the everyday layer of consciousness. Further in the structure of the concept (although not all concepts) are allocated more abstract layers, reflecting a certain stage of everyday signs related to the reflective layer of consciousness. Finally, the interpretative field of concept, which includes the evaluation of the content, interpreting some cognitive signs and forming the national consciousness arising from the contents of the concept the advice about comprehension of reality, may be associated with the spiritual level of consciousness, which involves a broad sense, an assessment of the concept in terms of its value to the nation. [18.88]
As universals, concepts may be treated under any of the traditional accounts of universals in general. Realism about concepts (considered as universals) is the view that concepts are distinct from their instances, and nominalism is the view that concepts are nothing over and above, or distinct from, their instances. Ante rem realism (or platonism) about concepts is the view that concepts are ontologically prior to their instances—that is, concepts exist whether they have instances or not. In re realism about concepts is the view that concepts are in some sense “in” their instances, and thus are not ontologically prior to their instances.
Conceptualism with respect to concepts holds that concepts are mental entities, being either immanent in the mind itself as a sort of idea, as constituents of complete thoughts, or somehow dependent on the mind for their existence (perhaps by being possessed by an agent or by being possessible by an agent). [42.22]
Conceptualist views also include imagism, the view (dating from Locke and others) that concepts are a sort of mental image. Finally, nominalist views of concepts might identify concepts with classes or sets of particular things (with the concept [star] being identified with the set of all stars, or perhaps the set of all possible stars). Linguistic nominalism identifies concepts with the linguistic expressions used to express them (with [star] being identified with the predicate “is a star,” perhaps). Type linguistic nominalism identifies concepts with types of verbal expressions (with [star] identified with the type of verbal expression exemplified by the predicate “is a star”). [source: http://www.iep.utm.edu/conc-cl/]