Am fragmentSi zustadaa Sefasebuli xelis funqcia komunikaciis procesSi

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ხელის ენა ჰომეროსის ეპოსში

„კადმოსი“, ჰუმანიტარულ კვლევათა ჟურნალი, 2

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი,

თბილისი 2010, გვ. 64-82.
`mtkiced SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xelebs laparaki SeuZliaT, - werda kvintiliane, - gana ar iyenebT maT imisaTvis, rom rame moiTxovoT, vinmes rames dahpirdeT, vinmes uxmoT, daemSvidoboT, daemuqroT, SeevedroT, uari uTxraT an SiSi gamoxatoT, sTxovoT an ukuagdoT? gana Cven maT ar viyenebT imisaTvis, rom gamovxatoT sixaruli, gancda, dafiqreba, simtkice, zoma, wona, ricxvi da dro? gana ara aqvT maT Zala, rom wagaqezon an agdebiT Semogxedon, gakvirveba an sixaruli gamoxaton?~ [kuperi 1986:72-74].

am fragmentSi zustadaa Sefasebuli xelis funqcia komunikaciis procesSi. Cveni mizanic swored xelis enis Taviseburebebis kvlevaa, imis Seswavla, Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani xelis enas verbaluri da araverbaluri komunikaciis dros.

miCneulia, rom sityvebi, romlebic sxvadasxva enebSi sxeulis nawilebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, xSirad identificirebulia im nawilebis funqciasTan, romelsac isini aRniSnaven, mag. berZn. ajkhvrio~ (ugulo), rasakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom adamians guli ara aqvs, es imas niSnavs, rom adamians dakarguli aqvs sxeulis am nawilis normaluri funqcia. am Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad saukeTeso magaliTad moyvanilia berZn. ajpavlamno~ (uxelo, uxelismtevno), rac ar niSnavs imas, rom adamians xeli ara aqvs. es zedsarTavi saxeli uunaro da zogadad umweo adamians miemarTeba, radganac keTeba swored xelebis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa (Sotlandielebi `uxelos~ eZaxian dondlo adamians, irlandielebi ki mTvral kacze `ufexos~ ityvian) [harisoni 1954:190-191]. Sdr.: qarT. `...mzad iyo koWls fexad Sesdgomoda, uxelos - xelad~ [qegl VI 1960].

winamdebare naSromSi gaanalizebulia erTi somaturi saxelis – xelis gamoyenebis areali homerosis eposSi. naSromi miznad isaxavs, gaarkvios, ra funqciebi da datvirTva aqvs sxeulis am nawils homerosis poemebSi da rogor aisaxeba es mniSvnelobebi enaSi.

somaturi saxelebis Seswavlis kuTxiT homerosis poemebis mimarT interesi bunebrivia, radgan xalxuri somaturi terminologiis pirvel wyaros Zvel saberZneTSi swored homerosis eposi warmoadgens da masSi somaturi saxelebis mdidari leqsikonia warmodgenili [loidi 1983:149-168]. zogadad, homerosis eposSi somaturi saxelebis kvleva mravalmxriv aris sayuradRebo: aseTi kvleva saintereso masalas iZleva imdroindeli xalxuri anatomiuri codnis, yoveldRiuri yofisa da wes-Cveulebebis, da, ra Tqma unda, ufro farTod, enisa da azrovnebis istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.

homerosis eposSi somaturi saxelebis situaciuri gamoyenebis kuTxiT pirobiTad ramdenime jgufi ikveTeba: bataluri epizodebi, Cveulebrivi yofiTi scenebi, ritualuri saqmianoba (somatur saxelebs gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs locvis, vedrebisa da msxverplSewirvis dros), gmirebis Jestikulaciis, grZnoba-emociebis, daficebisa da dawyevlis amsaxveli epizodebi, pirovnebis, sagnebis an movlenebis daxasiaTebis scenebi. am jgufebSi, rogorc wesi, somaturi saxelebi maTi anatomiur-fiziologiuri Tu yofiTi funqciebis mixedviT aris gadanawilebuli. Sesabamisad, xeli, rogorc mravalfunqciuri datvirTvis somaturi saxeli, met-naklebad yvelgan figurirebs. aqedan dominantia batalur epizodebSi, yoveldRiur yofiT scenebSi, ritualis amsaxvel epizodebSi da, ra Tqma unda, JestikulaciaSi.

xelis aRmniSvneli ZiriTadi leqsema Zvel berZnulSi da, Sesabamisad, homerosTan, aris hJ ceivr. berZn. ceivr leqsemis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa adamianis zeda kiduris aRniSvna (rogorc xelis, aseve - mklavis). mogvianebiT is cxovelis kidurebis aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneba, magram homerosTan am semantikiT ar aris dadasturebuli [lidl-skoti 1996]. xelis aRsaniSnavad homerosTan sxva leqsemebic gamoiyeneba: hJ wjlevnh - idayvi, mklavi idayvidan qvemoT, oJ w\mo~ - mxari mklavis zeda nawilTan erTad, ¹ pal£mh - xelis mtevani [lidl-skoti 1996].

ceivr leqsemis sixSire sakmaod maRalia homerosTan. `iliadaSi~ es sityva gvxvdeba 267-jer, xolo `odiseaSi~ - 161-jer. Tumca aseTi intensiuri xmareba arc aris gasakviri. xel- leqsemis xmarebis sixSire zogadad universaluri movlenaa. rogorc amboben, xeli is organoa, romelsac simboluri eniT SeuZlia laparaki. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvams J. vandriesi, rodesac is saubrobs somaturi saxelebis metaforizaciis procesze. is wers, rom xelis metafora yvelaze xSiri metaforaa. xeli adamianis ZiriTadi instrumentia. adamianis saqmianobis didi nawili xelis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, ratom aris xSiri frazebi xel- sityvis gamoyenebiT [vandriesi 1931:203]. Sdr.: maimunebs ara aqvT xelebi, maT aqvT tacebis organoebi. xeli adamianis atributia, im arsebis atributi, romelsac metyvelebis unari aqvs, e.i. azrovnebs [haidegeri 1954:51].

homerosis poemebSi ceivr leqsemis situaciuri gamoyenebis ramdenime ZiriTadi SemTxveva SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. xeli – adamianis yoveldRiuri yofa-saqmianobis ZiriTadi instrumenti, 2. xeli – Jestikulaciis instrumenti, 3. xeli – simboluri datvirTvis matarebeli, metaforizaciis safuZveli. Sinaarsobrivad samive SemTxvevaSi xeli adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris garkveul mimarTebaze mianiSnebs.

1. 
   xeli – adamianis yofa-saqmianobis instrumenti
   

1. 
   bataluri scenebi
   

ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, xeli adamianis yofa-saqmianobis ZiriTadi instrumentia. bunebrivia, am yofa-saqmianobaSi Semodis brZola da ritualuri saqmianoba, sadac xels gansakuTrebuli datvirTva eniWeba: adamiani ibans xels, xeliT styorcnis Subs, stkiva xeli, xelSi uWiravs Tasi, xelSi iWreba, xelebs zeaRapyrobs locvis dros, nikapze xels Seaxebs vedrebis dros, xeli ubuJdeba daWrils da a.S. bataluri scenebis aRweris dros yuradRebas iqcevs metafora: xelebis sisxliT dasvra - luvqrw/ de; palavsseto cei`ra~ ajavptou~ (Il. 11.169) `xeli sisxlSi dailto mefem~ (il. 11.169)...

xelis meSveobiT ganxorcielebul qmedebaTa verbaluri aRweris dros (vgulisxmobT im frazebs, romlebic ceivr leqsemas Seicavs) pirobiTad ori jgufi SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. erT jgufSi erTiandeba is frazebi, sadac xeli `mimRebis~ (rogorc aqtiuris, ise pasiuris) funqcias asrulebs (moqmedeba xdeba xelis meSveobiT: xeli iRebs raRacas, an xels uWiravs raRac): o} de; cermavdion lavbe ceiri; (Il. 5.302), porfuvreon mevga fa`ro~ e[cwn ejn ceiri; paceivh/ (Il. 8.221)... 2. meore jgufSi Sedis frazebi, romlebSic xeli `gamcemia~ (xeli aZlevs viRacas raRacas, gascems raRacas, xelidan vardeba raRac): dalo;~ dev oiJ e[kpese ceirov~ (Il. 15.421), ceiro;~ d¾ e[kbalen e[gco~ (Il. 14.419), tou` d¾ oujc a{lion bevlo~ e[kfuge ceirov~ (Il. 16.480)...

pirvel jgufSi, sadac xels `mimRebis~ funqcia aqvs, xeli micemiT brunvaSi dgas; gvxvdeba rogorc uTandebulo, ise Tandebuliani micemiTis formebi. Sinaarsis mixedviT es formebi aseTnairad ganirCeva: uTandebulo micemiTi aqtiuri mimRebia, moqmedebis instrumenti (dativus instrumenti), Tandebuliani forma ki – pasiuri mimRebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis proceszea aqcenti, meore SemTxvevaSi – moqmedebis Sedegze: mag.: lambavnw cersiv, ceiriv aReba xelebiT, xeliT (uTandebulo micemiTi), e[cw ejn cersiv - qona (Wera) xelebSi (Tandebuliani micemiTi).

xeli umeteswilad gvxvdeba im zmnebTan, romlebic xeliT ganxorcielebul moqmedebas asaxaven. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rogor xdeba enaSi ejn ceiriv (xeliT) mniSvnelobis Semdgomi cvlileba. sayuradReboa, rom septuagintaSi es forma damatebiT funqcias iZens: `xeliTa~ formis pleonasturi xmareba saWurvliTobis funqciiT. am SemTxvevebSi xeli gamoiyeneba im zmnebTanac, romlebic xeliT ganxorcielebul moqmedebas ar asaxaven, rac, rogorc Cans, ar unda yofiliyo berZnulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. varaudoben, rom es faqti ucxoenovan pirvelwyaroTa kalkuri gadmocemis Sedegia. instrumentis funqciiT `xelis~ gamoyeneba ebraulsa da siriul enebs axasiaTebs. Tumca am formam ebrauli bibliuri teqstis gavleniT berZnul TargmanSic moikida fexi. aqedan ki Semdgom sxva TargmanebSic (kerZod, qarTul da somxur TargmanebSi) gavrcelda: ejgevneto lovgo~ kuvriou ejn ceiri; Aggaiou tou` profhvtou levgwn (Aggaeus 1,3) `iyo sityuaჲ uflisaჲ ჴeliTa angea winaswarmetyuelisaჲ~ (ang. 2,1) (angelosis mier), kaqa; sunevtaxen kuvrio~ pro;~ uJma`~ ejn ceiri; Mwush` ajpo; th`~ hJmevra~, h|~ sunevtaxen kuvrio~ (Numeri 15, 23) `...romelni amcnna mamaTa maTTa xeliTa mosჱsiTa~ (msaj. 3,4) (moses mier). [danelia 1987:555].

aseve ebraizmebadaa miCneuli berZnulSi Semdegi formebi: xelsa Cemsa (me), xelsa Sensa (Sen), xelsa missa (mas), romlebic Zvel qarTulSi berZnulidan Semovida [sarjvelaZe 1984:184-185].

marTalia, es ukve scdeba Cvens sakvlev Temas, magram aris erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu ramdenad Sors mivyavarT somaturi saxelebis kvlevas da ramdenad mniSvnelovania somaturi saxelebis monawileobiT Seqmnili Sesityvebebis Sedareba sxvadasxva enebSi.

sainteresoa Cven mier pirobiTad gamoyofili meore jgufis zmnebis modeli (xelidan gavardnis, gasrolis mniSvnelobiT). es frazebi ZiriTadad bataluri scenebidanaa: dalo;~ dev oiJ e[kpese ceirov~ (Il. 15.421) Subi gauvarda mas xelidan. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs Subis gasrolis metafora, sadac Subi gapirovnebulia da es qmedeba asea aRwerili: tou` d j oujc a{lion bevlo~ e[kfuge ceirov~ (Il. 16.480) `xelidan gamoiqca Subi~. mocemul frazebSi ceivr leqsema zmnas ewyoba naTesaobiT brunvaSi. gramatikulad es formebi Zalian hgavs `gancalkevebis~ (`CamoSorebis~) naTesaobiTs (genetivus separationis), romelic raRacidan (am SemTxvevaSi xelidan) Tavis daRwevis, gancalkevebis mniSvnelobis matarebelia.

im konteqstebis ganxilvis dros, sadac xeli instrumentis funqcias asrulebs, yuradRebas iqcevs `iliadas~ erTi magaliTi: tw`n mhv ti~ uJpekfuvgoi aijpu;n o[leqron cei`rav~ q¾ hJmetevra~ (Il. 6.57-58) `arvis ascdes Savi sikvdili Cveni xeliTa~ (il. 6.57-58). `Cveni xeliT~ (sityvasityviT `Cveni xelebiT~) igivea, rac Cvengan, Cven mier. aq braldebiTi brunvis formaa gamoyenebuli (accusativus relationis), funqciurad `Cveni xelebiT~ instrumentis funqcias asrulebs; Sinaarsobrivad ki moqmedeba, romelic Cven mier xorcieldeba, uSualod xelTan, xelis simbolikasTan (ZalasTan) aris dakavSirebuli.

2. 
   ritualuri saqmianoba
   

locvisa da vedrebis ritualebSi xels erTgvari mediatoris funqcia aqvs. locvis ritualis dros mlocveli xelebs zemoT, RmerTebisken, aRapyrobs. cnobilia, rom berZnebi iSviaTad iCoqebdnen muxlze locvis dros [puleini 2000:215]. amas arqeologiuri masalebic mowmobs: adamianis figurebi, romelTac xelebi zemoT aqvT apyrobili, homerosis gmirebic ceira;~ ojrevgwn – xelapyrobili loculoben¹.

vedrebis ritualSi xelis zeapyroba xeliT fizikuri kontaqtiT icvleba. vedrebis dros mavedrebelis xeli exeba vedrebis adresatis muxlebs anda nikaps (saxes), sxeulis im nawilebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli siwmindis mqonea [guldi 2001:26]. homerosTan amis uamravi magaliTia. sainteresoa erTaderTi epizodi `iliadaSi~, rodesac vedrebis taqtiluri Jesti, muxlze SexebasTan erTad, xelze kocnasac moicavs (Il. 24.478). sxva SemTxvevebSi xelze kocnis Jestebi mxolod gansakuTrebuli sixarulisa da siyvarulis gamoxatvis dros gvxvdeba (Od. 21.225, Od. 22.500, Od. 23.87, Od. 23.207).

amave poemaSi kidev erTi epizodia gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo, aq TiTqos waSlilia zRvari locvisa da vedrebis ritualis gamoxatulebas Soris, es aris locva RmerTis mimarT taqtiluri gamoxatulebiT [puleini 1997:57]. Tetisi zevss aqilevsis daxmarebas sTxovs. is marcxena xels adebs muxlze, marjvenaTi ki mis nikaps exeba. es epizodi mkvlevarTa interesis sagans warmoadgens, rogorc nazavi locvisa da vedrebis ritualebisa.

2. xeli - Jestikulaciis instrumenti
locvisa da vedrebis Jestebis garda homerosTan didi sixSiriT gvxvdeba sxva Jestebic. zogadad, komunikaciaSi xelis kinetikuri funqcia marTlac ganuzomelia. mTlianad xelis ori aTasamde Jestia daTvlili. xelis Jestikulaciis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa sityvisa da qmedebis gaZliereba, fsiqologiuri gancdebis gamoxatva, an arsebuli situaciis naTelyofa. Zvel romSi xelis Jestikulacias samarTlebrivi daniSnulebac hqonda. antikur samyaroSi ramdenime tipis Jests ganasxvavebdnen: sakomunikacios, erotikuls, grZnobis gamomxatvels (mxarze xelis dadeba, nikapze xelis Sexeba, xelze kocna), vedrebis (nikapze da muxlze xelis Sexeba, xelis gawvdena daxmarebis, wyalobis saTxovnelad, xelze kocna Txovnis mizniT), madlierebis (xelis CamorTmeva) da a.S. [andreeva... 1999:425; tresideri 1999:312].

xelis gamoyenebiT Seqmnil SesityvebaTa didi nawili homerosTan swored kinetikur paralingvizmTa verbaluri aRweraa. yvelaze xSirad xelis mokidebis Jesti figurirebs, Tumca sxvadasxva konteqstSi mas sxvadasxva datvirTva eniWeba. qvemoT warmovadgenT magaliTebis erT nawils:

xelis mokideba – gamafrTxilebeli Jesti
ajta;r glaukw`pi~ ÆAqhvnh

ceiro;~ eJlou`s¾ ejpevesi proshuvda qou`ron [Area (Il. 5.30)

`xeli Caavlo da SesZaxa mZvinvare aress~ (il. 5..30).
ÆAgamevmnwn

dexoterh`~ e{le ceiro;~ e[po~ t¾ e[fat¾ e[k t¾ ojnovmazen (Il. 7.108)

`Zmas xeli staca marjvenaze da arwmunebda~ (il. 7.108)
orsave SemTxvevaSi am Jestis (aiJrevw ceiro;~) - xelis mokideba (Cavleba) – mizani, pirvel rigSi, adamianis SeCereba da misi yuradRebis miqcevaa, es TiTqos SeZaxilia, Semzadeba mosalodneli qmedebisTvis an saTqmelisTvis. magram Sinaarsi da damokidebuleba gafrTxilebis obieqtis mimarT gansxvavebulia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es muqaraa, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – zrunva. msgavsi magaliTebi homerosis eposSi bevria.
xelis mokideba – simpaTiis, keTilganwyobis, Tanamoazreobis

gamomxatveli Jesti:
e[n t¾ a[ra oiJ fu` ceiri; e[po~ t¾ e[fat e[k t¾ ojnovmaze (Il. 18.384, etc.)

`alersiT hkida xeli xelze da tkbilad uTxra~ (il. 18..384, 18.483...)

}W~ a[ra fwnhvsante kaq¾ i{ppwm aji?cante

cei`rav~ t¾ ajllhvlwn labevthn kai; pistwvsanto (Il. 6.233)

`xeli xels misces, megobroba erTurTs Sehfices~. (il. 6.233)
xelis mokideba - TanagrZnobis gamoxatvis mizniT:
ceiri; de; cei`ra labovnte~ ejpistwvsant¾ ejpevesi (Il. 21.286)

`xeli mohkides xelze moymes sanugeSeblad~ (il. 21.286)

xelis mokideba - Zaladobis Jesti::
ceiro;~ eJlovnt¾ ajgevmen Brishi?da kalipavrh/on (Il. 1.324)

`xeli CasWideT, aq momgvareT brises asuli!~ (il. 1.324)

xelis mokideba – moxmobis, mopatiJebis Jesti:
to;n de; ijdw;n oJ geraiov~ ajpo; qrovnou w\rto faeinou`

ej~ d¾ a[ge ceiro;~ eJlwvn, kata; d¾ eJdriavasqai a[nwge (Il. 11.646)

`Tvali rom hkida berikacma, wamodga myisve,

xeli Caavlo, sTxova, modi dagvewvieo~ (il. 11.646)

amas garda, homerosis eposSi vxvdebiT sxva Jestebsac: xeliT misalmebis Jesti (od. 24.410), siyvarulis gamoxatva xelis moxveviT (il. 6.485, il. 15.534, il. 18.594), xelze ambori siyvarulisa da pativiscemis niSnad (od. 21.225), xelis gawvdena daxmarebis saTxovnelad (il. 23.75), xelis SeSveleba adamianis (moxucis) wamodgomis dros (il. 21.416), ukugdebis Jesti xelis kvriT (il. 20.261) da sxva Zaladobrivi Jestebi (romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT) da sxv.
Zaladobis (mrisxanebis) demonstrirebis Jestebi:
agamemnonisa aqilevsis SekamaTebis dros aqilevsi agamemnonis uxeS sityvebs mrisxanebis JestiT upasuxebs – xmalze xels daidebs. es aris misi pirveli reaqcia, rasac mrisxanebis sityvieri formula mohyveba.

xelis dadeba xmalze, saerTod iaraRze, rogorc Cans, mrisxanebisa da SurisZiebis gavrcelebuli Jestia. es Jesti xelis ZiriTad mniSvnelobas – Zalas, Zalauflebas usvams xazs.

sayuradReboa epizodi `iliadadan~, sadac gmiri ase mimarTavs mosaubres: ajll¾ a[ge lh`g¾ e[rido~, mhde; xivfo~ e{lkeo ceiriv (Il. 1.210) `sityvebiT kenwle, xolo maxvils nu Seexebi~ (il. 1.210), es kidev erTxel amtkicebs imas, rom maxvilis Sexeba, misi xelSi aReba Zalis gamoyenebas niSnavs.

viRacisTvis xelis dadeba an viRacaze xelis aRmarTva – gvxvdeba frazeologiaSi, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT: viRacisTvis xelis dadeba sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS moqcevas, sakuTari Zalauflebis obieqtad gamocxadebas niSnavs. zogadad es gamonaTqvami (xelis dadeba) ori mniSvnelobiT moiazreba: 1. dacvis mizniT (xelis damcav funqcias qvemoT ganvixilavT), 2. damorCilebis mizniT. viRacaze xelis aRmarTva - rogorc Jesti Zaladobis dawyebis gamafrTxilebeli niSania, romelic verbaluradac gamoixateba: xeli aRmarTa – Zaladoba moimoqmeda:

ajll¾ ajkevousa kavqhso, ejmw/` d¾ ejpipeivqeo muvqw/,

mhv nuv toi ouj craivsmwosin o{soi qeoiv eijs¾ ejn ÆOluvmpw/

a\sson ijovnq¾, o{te kevn toi ajavptou~ cei`ra~ ejfeivw (Il. 1.565-567)
`iyuCe hera, da Cems nebas daemorCile!

Torem ver gixsnis RvTaebaTa mTeli krebuli,

Tu qedze Cemi uZleveli xeli dagade.~ (il. 1.565-567)
ou[ ti~ ejmeu` zw`nto~ kai; ejpi; cqoni; derkomevnoio

soi; koivlh/~ para; nhusi; bareiva~ cei`ra~ ejpoivsei

sumpavntwn Danaw`n... (Il. 1.87-89)
`sanamde pirSi suli midgas da vWvret mzis naTels,

danaelT Soris Senze vervin xels ver SemarTavs!~ (il. 1.89-90)

vfiqrobT, es magaliTebi mniSvnelovania proqsemikis – qcevis sivrculi parametrisa da sametyvelo etiketis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac. Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier proqsemikuri doneebis dayofis [omiaZe 2003:3-19] mixedviT (intimuri, piradi, socialuri da sazogadoebrivi), homerosTan intimuri zona zeintimuri qvezonis farglebSi jdeba, radgan am zonaSi fizikuri kontaqti Cveulebrivi movlenaa. rogorc mocemuli magaliTebidan Cans, xelis mokideba (xelSi xelis Cavleba) saubris dawyebis win erTgvari sametyvelo qceviTi Jestia da imave funqcias unda iTavsebdes, rasac, magaliTad, nawilaki - `hoda~... (frazis dawyebis win). es proqsemikuri elementi leqsikuradac asaxulia enaSi: `xeli mohkida da miugo~...

SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi imis Taobaze, rom xeli ganmsazRvrelia im distanciisa, rac proqsemikur doneebs ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan. am SemTxvevaSic xels garkveulwilad orientiris funqcia aqvs (xelis, rogorc orientiris, funqcias ufro detalurad qvemoT ganvixilavT). xelis mokideba (xelSi xelis Cavleba) komunikaciis dros gavrcelebuli Jesti Cans, magram amavdroulad xelis mokideba Zaladobis demonstrirebacaa. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: sad gadis zRvari sakomunikacio aqtSi monawile Jestsa da Zaladobis Jests Soris? ganxiluli magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom xelis mokidebiT komunikacia intimur zonaSi bunebrivia (aq Semodis xelze moferebis Jestic, rogorc gansakuTrebuli siyvarulis gamoxatulebisa). aseve miRebuli Jestia pirad zonaSi komunikaciis drosac. magram, rogorc Cans, rodesac komunikacia scdeba am or zonas da socialuri zonis rangSi gadadis, aq ukve es kinema (xelis mokideba) negatiur reaqcias iwvevs da Zaladobis Jestad gadaiqceva. amis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli magaliTia agamemnonis brZaneba, briseisi xelis mokidebiT (xelis CavlebiT) mihgvaron mas: ceiro;~ eJlovnt¾ ajgevmen Brishi?da kalipavrh/on (Il. 1.324). is TiTqos Segnebulad cdilobs, socialuri proqsemikuri zona daarRvios da sakuTari Zala kidev erTxel daamtkicos.

3. xeli - simbolika
zogadad xelis ZiriTadi simbolika Zalas, Zalauflebas ukavSirdeba. es kavSiri uZvelesi droidan modis. xeli, rogorc Zalauflebis simbolo, aseve ZvelTaganve gvxvdeba gamosaxulebebze da es simbolika, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, Jestebis enaSic farTod gamoiyeneba.

homerosis poemebic ar aris gamonaklisi. sakmaod xSirad xeli aq Zalis, Zalauflebis (rogorc simamacisa da gambedaobis, aseve Zaladobis) aRmniSvnel SesityvebebSi gamoiyeneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom im xuTi epiTetidan (pacuv~, stubarov~, baruv~, qrasuv~, ajavpto~), romlebic xels miemarTeba, ori (pacuv~, stubarov~) xelis moqmedebaze mianiSnebs, sami ki (baruv~, qrasuv~, ajavpto~) axasiaTebs xels, rogorc zianis mimyenebel instruments [puleini 2000:215]. `iliadaSi~ xSiradaa laparaki xelis Zalasa da simamaceze, rac brZolaSi aucilebelia. gvaqvs xazgasma imaze, rom mebrZolebs sakuTari xelis imedi anu Zalis imedi aqvT (il. 12.135), mtris xelis SiSi misi Zalis SiSia, xels Zalis mniSvneloba aqvs Semdeg gamoTqmebSi: xeli ar yofnis (Zala ar yofnis) (il. 21.75), Sens xelebs ver gaveqcevi (Sens Zalas ver gaveqcevi) (il. 21.94), xels Zalis mniSvneloba aqvs SesityvebaSi `risxva da xeli~ (`risxva da Zala~, il. 13.287) da a.S.

Zalis simbolika kargad Cans SurisZiebisa da daficebis formulebSi. homerosTan dadasturebuli es formulebi xelis Semdeg mniSvnelobebs usvams xazs: 1. xeli – damcveli, mfarveli; adamiani, romelic fics debs, hpirdeba meores, rom Tavisi xeliT anu ZaliT daicavs. 2. xeli – dasjis instrumenti, romelsac samarTlianobis damyarebis mizniT iyeneben (mag., rodesac odisevsi emuqreba sasiZoebs). 3. xeli – Zaladobis instrumenti. samive SemTxvevaSi xeli Zalis, Zlierebis iaraRia; gansxvaveba isaa, Tu ra mizniT iyenebs subieqti am iaraRs.

sanam kalqasi aqilevss apolonis risxvis mizezs gaumxels, daficebas sTxovs:

toi; ga;r ejgw;n ejrevw: su; de; suvnqeo kai; moi o[mosson

h\ mevn moi provfrwn e[pesin kai; cersi;n ajrhvxein: (Il. 1.76-77)

`Semfice, gmiro, rom damicav sityviT Tu saqmiT~ (xeliT) (il. 1.78)
aqilevsic fics debs:
soi; koivlh/~ para; nhusi; bareiva~ cei`ra~ ejpoivsei (Il. 1.89).

`sanamdis pirSi suli midgas da vWvret mzis naTels,

danaelT Soris Senze vervin xels ver SemarTavs~. (il. 1.89-90).
xeli am or konteqstSi ori simboluri ideis matarebelia: 1. xeli aris Zala, romelic ibrZvis daTrgunuli samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis (kalqasi xeliT dacvas iTxovs aqilevsisgan samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis); 2. xeli aris, amavdroulad, Zaladobis iaraRi (aqilevsi hpirdeba kalqass, rom veravin gabedavs masze Zalis gamoyenebas, Zaladobas, anu xelis aRmarTvas).

unda aRiniSnos, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi (xeli – Zlieri, damcveli, mfarveli) kalqasis Txovna aqilevsisadmi Zalian hgavs qrises locvas apolonisadmi (qrise sTxovs apolons, daicvas is Tavisi isrebiT da Suri iZios danaelebze. xeli da isari erTi da imave ideis gamomxatvelia).

meore SemTxvevis (xeli – Zlieri, moZalade, gamanadgurebeli) ganxilvis dros sayuradReboa agamemonis epizodi, rodesac is elCebs aqilevsis qoxSi agzavnis briseisis wamosayvanad ceiro;~ eJlovnt¾ ajgevmen Brishi?da kalipavrh/on (Il. 1.324). `Zalad (xeliT) wamoiyvaneT~ – am fraziT agamemnons TiTqos sakuTari Zalis demonstrireba surs. s. puleini yuradRebas aqcevs am monakveTs: ratom akeTebs agamemnoni aqcents fizikur kontaqtze? elCebs ubralod SeeZloT eTqvaT – wamodi CvenTan erTado. iqneb imitom, rom briseiss fizikuri zewola sWirdeba aqilevsTan dasaSoreblad? aseve SesaZlebelia isic, rom es xelis mokideba (Sdr. mancipatio romaul kanonSi) iyo formaluri Jesti dauflebisa [puleini 2000:208-209]. albaT mainc es ukanaskneli versia ufro misaRebia, vinaidan teqstidan TiTqos ar Cans briseisis gansakuTrebuli mijaWvuloba aqilevsze. agamemnoni am epizodSi Zalian ganrisxebulia da zemoT moyvanili fraza misi ganrisxebis verbaluri gamoxatulebaa, rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams mis xasiaTs.

maSasadame, xeli damcveli (mfarveli) Zalacaa da moZalade Zalac (icavs da imorCilebs). zogadad is Zalis simbolikas ganasaxierebs, romelic SeiZleba gaxdes Zaladobis iaraRic da samarTlianobis iaraRic. es ukve gmiris arCevanzea damokidebuli. Zalis simbolikis konteqstSi sainteresoa erTi detali: kalqasi sTxovs aqilevss, daicvas is xeliT (ceivr) da sityviT (e[po~). sxva epizodSi Tetisi sTxovs zevss, daicvas aqilevsi sityviT (e[po~) da saqmiT (e[rgon). am ori konteqstis mixedviT saqme (e[rgon) da xeli (ceivr) erTmaneTis semantikur korelatebad gvevlinebian. isini Caanacvleben erTmaneTs sityvasTan (e[po~) semantikur wyvilSi da erTi koncefciis matarebeli arian.

am paraleluli opoziciuri wyvilebis arseboba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom xelis erT-erTi mniSvneloba saqmis, namoqmedaris mniSvnelobaa; es leqsema aRniSnavs imas, rac adamianis xelidan aris gamosuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi es saqme ZalasTan, brZolasTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram aseve gvaqvs: mnh`m¾ ÆElevnh~ ceirw`n (Od. 15.126) gaxsovdes elenes xelebi (naxelavi). unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar aris berZnuli enis kulturul-specifikuri movlena, radgan amis magaliTebi sxva enebSic gvaqvs (Sdr.: qarT. naxelavi, Tavisi xeli daatyo, am saqmes Seni xeli [ar] etyoba, ingl. hand - Semsrulebeli, avtori: a book written by various hands – ramdenime avtoris mier dawerili wigni [Wanturia... 1998] da a.S.).

saintereso masala iZebneba ceivr leqsemis monawileobiT Seqmnil sxva SesityvebaTa mimoxilvis safuZvelzec. es semantikuri gadasvlebi universaliebad Cans. xelis mniSvnelovani funqcia Zvel berZnulSi orientiris funqciaa, rac ukve homerosTan aris dadasturebuli. rodesac kalifso odisevss gzas aswavlis da uxsnis, Tu romel mxares unda wavides, is eubneba: ejp¾ aristera; ceiro;~ (Od. 5.277) – xelmarcxniv. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve homerosis epoqaSic ar unda yofiliyo ucxo SekiTxva: potevra~ th`~ ceirov~; (E. Cyc. 681) romeli xelisken? – anu romel mxares? rac Semdgom evripidesTan gvxvdeba. Tumca xeli rogorc mimarTulebis, adgilmdebareobis aTvlis wertili, aseve ar aris mxolod berZnuli kulturuli arealisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba.

orientaciis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT berZnulSi kidurebis funqcia TiTqos aseTnairad aris ganawilebuli: xeli sivrculi orientiri Cans, fexi – drouli. Sdr.: para; podav - wamSi, maSinve, para; podov~ - maSinve, saxeldaxelod [lidl-skoti 1996].

xeli, sivrceSi lokalizaciis garda, materialuri mdgomareobis sazomicaa, mdidari xelsavsea pleiotevrh/ su;n ceiri; fivlhn ej~ patrivd¾ iJkevsqai (Od. 11.359), xolo Raribi – xelcarieli oi[kade nisovmeqa kenea;~ su;n cei`ra~ e[conte~ (Od. 10.42). Sdr.: qarT xelmokle, xevs. uxelTuri – visac xelidan araferi gamouva [WinWarauli 2005] da sxv.

dasasrul, unda gamovyoT is Sesityvebebi, sadac ceivr leqsema gasulierebuli funqciiT aris warmodgenili. mag., ou[reo~ ejn bhvssh/sin, ejpeiv t¾ ejkorevssato cei`ra~ (Il. 11.87) `xelebi gaZRnen koromTa belviT~ (il. 11.87), maimwvwsi d¾ e[nerqe povde~ kai; cei`re~ u{perqe (Il. 13.75) `mZlavri mxar-mklavi da saxsrebi brZolad amenTo~ (il. 13.75), oujd¾ e[ti fasi;n {Ektoro~ ajndrofovnoio mevno~ kai; cei`ra~ ajavptou~ schvsesq¾ (Il. 17.637-639) `kacTammusvrel heqtoris xelebs veRar gavuZlebT~ (il. 17.638-639), ouj ga;r oji?w sa;~ cei`ra~ feuvxesqai, ejpeiv rJ¾ ejpevlassev ge daivmwn (Il. 21.94) `mec ar amcdeba Savi bedi, vici, Sens xelebs ver gaveqcevi~ (il. 21.92-93). zogjer gapirovneba iseT masStabs aRwevs, rom xeli misi mflobelis sinonimadac ki gvevlineba da mis atributebsac moirgebs. mag; zevsi didi xelia – Cei;r megavlh (Il. 15.695). ufro gviandel teqstebSi dadasturebulia Sesityvebebi: yovlismpyrobeli xeli Cei;r pagkrathv~, yovlismwvdomeli xeli Cei;r uJpermhkhv~ [lidl-skoti 1996].

Cven mier ganxiluli Sesityvebebi kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom somaturi saxelebi, garda pirveladi, adamianis sxeulis nawilis aRmniSvneli funqciisa, adamianis sinonimad an adamianis Sinagani bunebis (konkretul, xelis, SemTxvevaSi, fizikuri Zalis, `socialuri statusis~...) amsaxvelad SeiZleba mogvevlinon.

mocemuli magaliTebidan kargad Cans, rom xeli mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs araverbaluri da verbaluri komunikaciis dros. xelis Jestikulacia verbaluri komunikaciis Tanmxlebi nawilia da avsebs mas; amavdroulad, verbalur komunikaciaSi mravladaa somaturi frazeologizmebi xel- leqsemis monawileobiT.

somaturi frazeologia erT-erTi lingvisturi universaliaa. homerosis eposSi warmodgenili xel- leqsemis monawileobiT Seqmnili Sesityvebebi da frazeologizmebic (xelis sisxliT dasvra, xelis aRmarTva, xelmarcxniv, xelsavse, xelcarieli...) lingvisturi universaliebia. xelis is funqciebi da mniSvnelobebi (xeli – instrumenti, mfarveli, Zala, saqme...), romlebic homerosis poemebSia dafiqsirebuli, homerosis Semdgomac ar icvleba, dResac udasturdeba am somatur saxels axal berZnulSi da sxva enebSic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mxatvrul teqstSi (am kerZo SemTxvevaSi homerosis eposSi) paralingvizmebisa da maTi leqsikuri gamoxatulebis Seswavla gvexmareba gmirebis xasiaTis gaxsnaSi (mag., briseisis ZaliT wamoyvanis epizodi sayuradReboa agamemnonis xasiaTis analizis dros) da, piriqiT, mxatvruli teqsti paralingvizmebisa da maTi verbaluri Sesatyvisobebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens.
damowmebani

literatura

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wyaroebi
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1 sxva avtorebi locvis dros xelTan SesityvebaSi xmaroben ajnaptav~ da ajnascwvn. `iliadaSi~ mxolod erTgan gvxvdeba ojrevgwn-is magivrad ojregnuv~ forma. am epizods aqcevs yuradRebas mkvlevari da ganmartavs, rom ojregnuv~ forma avtorma metris gulisTvis airCia [puleini 2000:215].