Muhakamat
is a perfect example of an author's final work acting also as his last
will and testament.
Early in the essay, Navoi suggests that the four main varieties of language,
"each having many arms and branches," are Arabic, Hindi, Turkish and Persian.
Being a good Muslim, he does not contest the absolute supremacy of Arabic. "Of
all languages, Arabic possesses the most eloquence and grandeur, and there is no
one who thinks or claims differently." But he curtly dismisses Hindi as sounding
like "the scratching of a broken pen," whose script "suggests the footprint of a
raven." That leaves Turkish and Persian, the two languages spoken in Herat and
throughout Muslim Central Asia.
Repeatedly, Navoi emphasizes the richness, precision and malleability of the
Turkish vocabulary as opposed to Persian. The Turks, he informs us, have a word
for the beauty mark on a woman's face, but there is no comparable word in Persian.
Many Turkish words have three or four or more meanings; Persian, according to
Navoi, lacks such flexible words. To illustrate the capacity of Turkish to make
more precise distinctions, he lists nine Turkish words used to identify separate
species of duck. Persian, he claims, has but one word that covers all of these.
Arguments of this nature fill page after page of the
Muhakamat.
Navoi admits that it is more difficult to write well in Turkish than in Persian.
In the following passage, taken from Robert Devereux's translation of
Muhakamat
al-Lughatayn
(E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1966), the "Chaucer of the Turks" discusses the
obstacles confronting the young Turkish poets of his day, and shows a sympathetic
understanding of their artistic dilemma:
The beginner, upon encountering difficulty in composing, shuns Turkish and
changes to an easier road (i.e., Persian). After this has happened several times it
becomes habit; and after it has become habit the poet finds it difficult to abandon
the habit in order to venture down a more difficult road. Later, other beginners,
46
noting the conduct and the compositions of those who have preceded them, do not
consider it proper to stray off that road. The result is that they too write their poems
in Persian.
It is natural for a beginner to wish his works to be known to others. He
wishes to submit them to scholars. But these are Persian-speakers who are not
acquainted with Turkish, and this thought makes the poet shrink. Thus he is drawn
to the use of Persian. He establishes relations with others and becomes one of
them. This is how the present situation has come to be. But, he continues, in spite
of obstacles and snares, poets of Turkish origin
must
strive to write in Turkish.
Perhaps to spur novice writers on, Navoi recounts his own youthful discovery of
the ineffable splendors of Turkish: It is unfortunately true that the greater
superiority, profundity and breadth of Turkish as compared to Persian as a medium
for poetry has not been realized by everyone... In the early days of my youth I
began to perceive a few jewels from the inkwell of my mouth. These jewels had
not yet become a string of verse, but jewels from the sea of consciousness which
were worthy of being placed on a string of verse began to reach shore, thanks to
the nature of the diver. Then I reached the age of comprehension and God (whose
praises I recite and who be extolled!) instilled in me sensitivity and attentiveness
and a desire for the unique. I realized the necessity of giving thought to Turkish
words. The world which came into view was more sublime than 18,000 worlds,
and its adorned sky, which I came to know, was higher than nine skies. There I
found a treasury of superiority and excellence in which the pearls were more
lustrous than the stars. I entered the rose garden. Its roses were more splendid than
the stars of heaven, its hallowed ground was untouched by hand or foot, and its
myriad wonders were safe from the touch of other hands.
45
Mir Ali Shir Navoi died
45
Nemati Limai, Amir (2015), Analysis of the Political life of Amir Alishir Navai and Exploring
his Cultural, Scientific, Social and Economic Works, Tehran & Mashhad: MFA(Cire)&
Ferdowsi University,p56-59
47
on January 3, 1501. Sultan Husain Baiqara attended the funeral, and afterwards
observed three days of mourning in the home of his lifelong friend. A huge
commemorative feast was held to enable the citizens of Herat collectively to honor
their departed poet laureate.
Almost immediately, other writers took up the standard of literary Turkish.
Babur (1483-1530), founder of the Mughul dynasty of India and a descendant of
both Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, composed his famous autobiography in the
Chagatai language. Far to the west, in the Ottoman Empire, writers of Ottoman
Turkish studied Navoi's works assiduously, and modeled their poems on his. The
Herat bard, though he wrote in a different dialect of Turkish, indisputably
functioned as a catalyst in the evolution of Ottoman poetry. Navoi also exerted a
huge influence on the style of Fuzuli of Baghdad (d. 1556), the Azerbaijani who
over the centuries has been the most beloved poet in the Turkic-speaking world.
With the rise of the great Ottoman and Azeri poets, the place of Turkish as the
third classical language of Islam was solidified
46
.
Back in Central Asia, Navoi's reputation as the peerless master of Chagatai
remained unchallenged, and if anything his stature increased with the passage of
time. For 400 years after his death, Chagatai served as the literary language of
Muslim Turks from the Volga to Chinese Turkestan. The linguistic conservatism
of Chagatai during this period can be attributed in part to the towering prestige of
Navoi, and the desire of writers to imitate his style and vocabulary. Eventually,
Chagatai outlived its usefulness, and gave way to its genetic offspring - the modern
Central Asian Turkic languages, among them Uzbek, Kazakh, Kirghiz, and East
Turki (also known as New Uighur). The supplanting of Chagatai by daughter
46
Nemati Limai, Amir (2015), Analysis of the Political life of Amir Alishir Navai and Exploring his Cultural,
Scientific, Social and Economic Works, Tehran & Mashhad: MFA(Cire)& Ferdowsi University,p57
48
languages parallels, in fact, the replacement of Latin by the modern Romance
languages.
The story of Navoi does not end with Chagatai's demise early in this century.
A new chapter is still being written, thanks to the extraordinarily high regard in
which the poet is held by the Muslim Uzbeks of the Soviet Union, Afghanistan and
China. If Navoi is the Chaucer of the Turks in general, to this one particular group
of Turks he is Chaucer, Dante, Cervantes and Shakespeare all rolled into one.
Along with East Turki - the language of the Muslim Uighurs of China and
Uzbek is the modern tongue that has the closest affinity with classical Chagatai.
The Uzbek people have adopted Navoi as their national poet, and Chagatai is
commonly referred to as "Old Uzbek." In 1966, which marked the 525th
anniversary of Navoi's birth, a year of official and deeply felt celebration took
place in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan, or the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, contains
no fewer than five historic centers of Islamic civilization: Tashkent, Samarkand,
Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva. To commemorate the poet and facilitate access to his
oeuvre,
a complete, 15-volume edition of his works was published in the Uzbek
capital of Tashkent. Separate editions of individual works and an assortment of
anthologies also appeared, as did novels and plays based on Navoi's life and a
torrent of scholarly and biographical literature.
Yet let us not forget that Mir Ali Shir Navoi is hardly the exclusive property
of the Uzbeks. Wherever Muslim Turks are found - in cities as far apart and
different from one another as Istanbul in Turkey, Tabriz in Iran, Kazan in
European Russia, Tashkent in Soviet Central Asia and Urumchi in China -Navoi's
poetry is still cherished almost 500 years after his death. Like Dante and Chaucer
before him, he single-handedly made a language respectable, and added that
language to the roster of the world's major literatures. And as is true of Dante and
Chaucer, it is impossible to envision a time when his works will no longer be read.
49
In late June this year, at the National library of Uzbekistan there took place a
presentation of the poetic collection of the great Uzbek poet Alisher Navoi «Pearl
verses» («Nazm ul-javokhir»), published in Russian language at the support of the
Art and Culture Programme of the Swiss Agency for Development and
Cooperation (SDC). Until recently, this collection, which represents a poetic
translation into Uzbek of witty adages of the Khalif Ali, has escaped the notice of
Russian-speaking readers. Literary translation of rubais of Alisher Navoi was
executed by Doctor of Philosophy, professor of political science Dinora Azimova.
We began our interview with Dinora Sadykovna by posing the question of how and
why the professor of political science has decided to engage in literary
translations
47
.
Many systems clamor for our attention. We don‘t know where to look. The
thousands of signs that litter our road home, the demanding work, the annoying
spam, the ever-evolving technologies and the unending busyness of our life and
everyone else around us. Modern life can be so shallow.
It seems that the biggest problem facing modern society is not that there is
too little progress, but rather too much of it. We are so busy with trying to keep up
with the work around us, with external progress, that we have no time for internal
progress. What we need is to first take care of our internal progress and then all the
results of our external living will become much more meaningful and fruitful.
Neglecting the garden of our soul for the sake of a soulless project will eventually
kill us. Therefore, we need gardeners who can help us see the beauty of our souls
and inner life. Gardeners who can help us rip out and burn the weeds that choke
our life and nourish what is true and good. Inspired poets make excellent gardeners
if we pay attention.
Armed with lasting truth and beauty inspired poets are a wonderful ally in
the development of meaning and activity in our personal lives and broader
47
www.fikr.uz/tag/Navoiy/20asarlari
50
societies. For real meaning and beauty to take root in our lives we need; the
affective as well as the cognitive, the artistic as well as the scientific. Religious
people would also add the eternal as well as the temporal. Anything less cannot
induce empowerment or development in human life. We must learn from those
artists who have effectively brought meaning into their corners of the world and let
them speak again. They know that the development of people must include every
layer of a person. Let us not exclude the freeing glory of God that artists mystically
express in their works. This is what I mean by ‗inspired poets‘, those poets who
have tasted of God‘s glory and know that He is greater than anything in this world.
When people acknowledge such divine glory, they have reason to work for
betterment of society.
One of the best inspirational poets I have found is a Central Asian from the
15th century named Alisher Navoi. His name Navo‘i literally means ‗the owner of
singing‘. He lived from 1441 to 1501 mostly in Herat, Afghanistan and is one of
the greatest poets of the Great Silk Road. ―World-class status was attained by the
Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen literatures, in the works of ‗Abd ar-Rahman Jami,
Alisher Navai, and Makhtumquli, respectively.‖ When his foster brother Husain
Baykaro became the Emir, Navoi became the prime minister. He was also a good
steward of his high position and helped establish many needed institutions. ―Nawai
is reputed to have founded, restored and endowed no fewer than 370 mosques,
schools, libraries, hospitals and other pious and charitable institutions in Khurasan
alone.
48
‖
His numerous writings, endowments, and his life example have had lasting
influence in Central Asia. Today, in the modern country of Uzbekistan, he is
revered above all other poets. The name of Alisher Navoi is visible throughout the
country. Major streets, theatres, museums, parks and even a province and city are
48
E. Subtelny: ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas,
E. Rowson. Brill Online, 2013.
51
named after him. His proverbs are on the tongues of Uzbeks, Turkmen and Tajiks.
He is considered the father of the Uzbek language and one of the greatest poets of
Central Asia. In his six epic poems and 100 000 plus lines of poetry he wrote
passionately for truth and love and vehemently against oppression.
One of the greatest sources for all who seek the richness of human life and
activity are those rare poets like Navoi who passionately live out what they so
eloquently share with the rest of us in words. Navoi dedicated his whole life to
finding and creatively revealing life‘s meaning and beauty not only with words but
with his life. A garden is pronounced good or bad by the fruit it produces. We can
trust what Navoi tells us because he shares from the experience and learning of his
own difficult godly life. He does not just say what sounds good, but what has been
true and helpful for his own life. And where he is unsure, he tells his reader that he
is still searching and begs God‘s forgiveness for anything wrong he might have
said. Such vulnerable humbleness in a great poet and leader is inspiring
49
.
The art of poets like Navoi has a powerful way of working, especially in
developing nations. Art transforms people's hearts and minds. It is in art that
people's hearts and tongues are connected. Without the artist, society will not
progress as it should. However, with one line from an artist positive changes can
begin to take place. We need to stop separating the spiritual from the material, the
heavenly from the earthly, the seen from the unseen. To address this sort of
reductionism requires poets. We need artists to help transform our nations. Art
influences how societies think of themselves from the inside out and how other
societies perceive them. True progress is not in applying external forces, but about
internally transforming hearts. We need to let poets like Navoi speak out and help
people learn from him.
49
E. Subtelny: ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas,
E. Rowson. Brill Online, 2013.
52
So how do I as an English literary translator help Navoi speak out so that
people can learn from him? I want to do more than just provide texts of Navoi in
English or other languages. I need to figure out how to translate in order that the
cultural and content significance inherent in Navoi and the West‘s understanding
of Central Asia can be advanced. Many translators are not intimately cognizant of
the source culture context that they translate from and do not think through how to
best impact the target culture for good. They sit alone in their office, never actually
seeing the world in which the book was originally created. They work hurriedly in
front of their computer so they can finish one translation to start another.
Fortunately, I've had the honour of being able to live in the distant land where my
poet breathed 500 years earlier and have the assistance of many local experts who
also breath and live Navoi. I love being a translator of inspired literature because it
forces me to read small passages at a time and ponder the depths of their meanings.
One area where Navoi can be used to speak out is in the realm of Western
misconception of Central Asia. Western perception of Central Asia, as with most
of our perceptions of other nations and societies, is not nearly whole enough. For
me to address this sort of reductionism requires that I be like my mentor Navoi,
that I be a ‗translator poet‘ who speaks against a categorized system and provide a
translation that challenges the status quo for an audience that can hear it.
What often happens in my field of literary translation is that the ‗bestseller‘
mentality guides the translation process. The text is illusively made as fluent as
possible so it doesn‘t come across as foreign at all
50
.
This guarantees not only that the foreign text will reach the widest possible
domestic audience, but that the text will undergo an extensive domestication, an
inscription with cultural and political values that currently prevail in the domestic
50
In C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs, Ch. Pellat. The Encyclopedia of Islam VII.
Leiden—New York: E. J. Brill. pp. 90–93.
53
situation – including those values according to which the foreign culture is
represented…often stereotypes that permit easy recognition.
These kind of translations of foreign literature keep alive the misconceptions
that the reader‘s domestic culture has against the culture and values of a different
land. I want to be a ‗translator poet‘ of Navoi who keeps what challenges the
Western misconceptions of Central Asia, what will add to its worldview, and yet
be sensitive to what differences of Navoi it can handle. I want to push the limits,
but I don‘t want to go so far that the Eastern Navoi cannot be understood by the
Western mind.
We sought to make the Middle Ages story come alive in the English
language in its own unique way. The native English person with some interest in
Central Asian literature was our target culture. However, we made sure that the
foreignism of our ancient text was there to compel the reader think in new ways.
―We need the ancients precisely to the degree they are dissimilar to us, and
translation should emphasize their exotic, distant character, making it intelligible
as such‖.4 We knew that unaccustomed foreign literature is needed to help the
media-insulated Westerner break old stereotypes and see in new ways. This is just
one example of how we need to let Navoi speak out.
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