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CHAPTER II. NAVOI’S WORKS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN
WORLD LITERATURE
1. Navoi-Chaucer of the Turkic people
During the 15th century, Mir Ali Shir (1441-1501) was the major literary
figure among the Central Asian Turkic peoples, the ancestors of today‘s Uzbeks.
His life, work and legacy will be the focus of a symposium to be held at the
Library of Congress from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, March 27, in Room LJ-119,
located on the first floor of the Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First Street S.E.,
Washington, D.C. e symposium is free and open to the public
36
.
Writing under the pen name Navoi, Mir Ali Shir was the author of more than
30 books, written mostly in Chagatay, also known as Old Uzbek. He also wrote in
Persian and Arabic. As a major patron of the arts, Navoi supported visual artists,
calligraphers, authors and architects. When not involved in artistic and literary
pursuits, he served as an important government official for his friend Sultan
Husayn Bayqarah, ruler of Herat in Afghanistan. Scholars from Uzbekistan,
Europe and the United States participated in the symposium with presentations
about Navoi‘s life and work and the society in which he lived. The Near East
Section of the Library‘s African and Middle Eastern Division holds Navoi‘s works
in their many editions in Uzbek, Persian and Arabic. It also holds scholarly works
about Navoi and the significance of his work. Selected items will be on display
during the symposium in Room LJ-113.
The African and Middle Eastern Division was established in 1978 as part of
a reorganization that combined at that time with the help of people who knew
foreign languages so well. Then the sections helped to reach those aims in order to
translate all of these works. At that period of time, Middle Eastern Division
consisted of sections such as the Near East Section, the African Section and the
36
Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries
Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim
Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 517.
34
Hebraic Section. Together they cover some 78 countries and regions from
Southern Africa to the Maghreb and from the Middle East to Central Asia.
In 1469, Navoi became the custodian of the royal seal during the reign of
Sultan Husein Bayqara, ruler of Khorasan, who had been his fellow student at the
madrasa. In 1472 he was appointed a vizier and received the title of emir. He was
the patron of scholars, artists, musicians, poets, and calligraphers. Navoi also
supervised the construction of a madrasa, a hospital, and bridges.
A confirmed humanist and opponent of medieval despotism and tyranny,
Navoi exposed the abuses of the nobles and the self-interest of bribe-takers. He
defended the people before the sultan and decided cases in favor of those who had
been unjustly treated. Navoi‘s progressive views caused displeasure at court.
In 1487, Navoi was sent to the remote province of Asterabad as its ruler. The
failure of his hopes for the country‘s political reconstruction and the establishment
of peace in a state racked by the Timurids‘ internal wars forced him to resign his
position. After his return to Herat in 1488, Navoi devoted the rest of his life to
literature.
Navoi‘s literary legacy is great and multifaceted. It includes about 30 poetry
collections, long narrative poems, prose works, and scholarly treatises, which
provide a comprehensive picture of the intellectual life of 15th-century Middle
Asia. He made use of the age-old literary traditions of the peoples of Middle Asia
and the Near East.
Navoi‘s Treasury of Thoughts is a miscellany of verse collected and
arranged in chronological order by the poet himself in 1498 and 1499 into four
divans (collections) corresponding to the four stages of Navoi‘s age: The Wonders
of Childhood, Youth‘s Curiosities, The Wonders of Middle Age, and Exhortations
of Old Age. This collection contains verse written in different lyric genres,
especially the ghazal (more than 2,600). The ghazal was Navoi‘s favorite genre,
35
and his verses possess an astonishing internal unity. He also wrote Divan Fani, a
collection of verses in Persian.
The apex of Navoi‘s work is his famous Quintuplet, the subject of which
was suggested by Jami. His Quintuplet comprises five poems: The Confusion of
the Righteous (1483), Leyla and Mejnun (1484), Farhad and Shirin (written in
1484), Seven Planets (1484), and Iskander‘s Wall (1485). In accordance with
Eastern literary tradition, Navoi‘s Quintuplet was a response (nazirah) to the
Quintuplets of Nezami and the Indo-Iranian poet Amir Khusrau, who wrote in
Persian. Although he made use of the story lines contained in their works and
adopted certain formal features, Navoi gave a completely different ideological and
literary interpretation of the subjects and story situations and treated the characters
and events in a new way
37
.
The first poem of the five-part cycle, The Confusion of the Righteous,
consists of 64 chapters and is philosophical and publicistic in tone. It sheds light on
the most essential questions of Navoi‘s time. In this poem, he severely condemns
the feudal internal wars, the cruelty of the nobles, the tyranny of the begs, and the
hypocrisy and bigotry of the Muslim sheikhs and jurists. At the same time, he
affirms the ideal of justice. The poem sets forth the principal features of Navoi‘s
world outlook, as well as his views on ethics and aesthetics.
Leyla and Mejnun is a poetic treatment of the ancient Arabic legend about
the tragic love of the young Qays for the beautiful Leyla. The humanistic
enthusiasm, the emotional tension of the conflict, and the powerful effect on the
reader were responsible for the poem‘s enormous influence on many Eastern
literatures and Uzbek folklore.
37
Nemati Limai, Amir (2015), Analysis of the Political life of Amir Alishir Navai and Exploring his
Cultural, Scientific, Social and Economic Works, Tehran & Mashhad: MFA(Cire)& Ferdowsi
University,p56-59
36
Färhad and Shirin is a romantic-heroic poem about the love of the hero Färhad for
the Armenian beauty Shirin, who is claimed by the Iranian sheikh Khosrow.
Navoi‘s poem is distinguished from previous works on this theme: the main
character in Navoi‘s work is not Sheikh Khosrow but rather Färhad, the champion
of truth and justice, whose heroic deeds are contrasted with the sheikh‘s cowardice.
Färhad became a household word that represented the social and aesthetic ideals of
the people. In Färhad and Shirin, Navoi made use of devices from folk poetry and
the folk heroic epos.
Seven Planets, the fourth poem of the cycle, consists of seven fantastic
stories united by a common framework. The poem contains allegorical allusions
that criticize Navoi‘s milieu and the rulers of his time—the Timurids, Sultan
Husein himself, and his courtiers. Iskander‘s Wall is the concluding poem of the
cycle. Its hero is the ideal just ruler, the highly moral sage Iskander.
Navoi‘s A Quintuplet of Confused Men (1492) is devoted to Jami. Navoi
wrote works that are important for the study of Uzbek and Persian-Tadzhik
literature and their mutual influence. Such works include the anthology A
Gathering of Refined Men (1491–92), which contains brief descriptions of the
writers of his era, and The History of the Persian Emperors and The History of
Prophets and Sages, which deal with the legendary and historical figures of Middle
Asia and Persia and with Zoroastrian and Koranic mythology. Important questions
of the theory of literature, especially of versification, are elucidated in Navoi‘s
treatise The Balance of Meters
38
.
At the end of his life, Navoi wrote the allegorical poem The Language of the
Birds (1499) and the philosophical and didactic work Beloved of Hearts (1500),
which deals with the ideal human society. The works of Yusuf Balasaghuni and
Gulistan (English translation, The Rose Garden) by Saadi are known to have
38
Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries Central Asia:
The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim Culture in Russia and
Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 520
37
influenced Navoi‘s Beloved of Hearts. The principal ideas of the book are the
condemnation of cruel, ignorant, and depraved emperors and the attempt to
establish the stable, centralized authority of a just ruler at the head of a prosperous
country. This was Navoi‘s dream throughout his entire life. Although he was
tragically aware of the impossibility of realizing his political ideals, he
nevertheless believed in the final victory of this idealistic principle. The optimism
and life-affirming strength of his works flowed from this belief.
Literary scholars of Navoi‘s time considered the Turki language too coarse
for poetry. In his treatise A Debate Between Two Languages (1499), Navoi
theoretically substantiates the cultural and literary significance of the Old Uzbek
language, which was called Turki. He influenced the development of Uzbek
literature as well as the literatures of the Uighur, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish,
Tatar, and other Turkic-speaking peoples.
39
Navoi‘s world view and creative work are not devoid of ideological
contradictions and social illusions. But the strength of Navoi‘s works lies in his
humanism and democratic tendencies and in his affirmation of man‘s dignity and
his right to happiness. Navoi‘s works had great significance for the development of
tendencies of progressive romanticism in Eastern literatures.
When I was two or three years old, before going to bed my Granny always read me
the same strange poem, which I hardly understood, but which I unwittingly repeat
now before falling asleep. The greatest of Uzbek poets (our Shakespeare) Alisher
Navoi of the 15th century said in his memoirs that before starting to write poetry
he had learnt by heart 100,000 lines of classic poetry. And it's neither
exaggeration, nor his imagination.
There's an anecdote about that epoch, showing that everyone at that time was a
poet. Alisher Navoi was playing chess with another poet called Binai and while
39
Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries
Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim
Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 513–526.
38
stretching his leg touched the bum of his adversary. He joked: 'In Herat wherever
you stretch your leg you are doomed to touch the bum of a poet!' Binai quickly
replied: 'Even if you pull your leg back it's still the bum of a poet!'
But poetry lives everywhere, in every society, in every corner of the world.
An internationally diverse group of scholars from Uzbekistan, Europe and the
United States recently participated in a Library of Congress symposium about the
life and work of Mir Ali Shir Navoi (1441-1501), a major literary figure among the
Central Asian Turkic people, the ancestor of today's Uzbeks.
The cover of a divan (collection of poems) written by the last Timurid ruler,
Sultan Husayn Mirza (1438-1506), a sponsor of the poet Mir Ali Shir Navoi.
Navoi also wrote in Persian and Arabic. As a major patron of the arts, Navoi
supported visual artists, calligraphers, authors and architects. One of the most
important individuals supported by Mir Ali Shir was the Persian poet Abd al-
Rahman Jami, his spiritual teacher, who introduced him into the Naqshbandi order
of dervishes.
40
Navoi's literary output encompasses the broad fields of both prose and
poetry. He composed in prose, among other works, a history of Muslim mystics
and a comparison of Chagatay and Persian as literary languages. He produced three
collections of lyric poetry in Chagatay and a fourth in Persian. Additionally he
wrote a grouping of five long narrative poems that instruct all segments of Muslim
society as to their obligations and responsibilities as believers and as human
beings.
When not involved in artistic and literary pursuits, Mir Ali Shir served as an
important government official at the court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, the ruler of
40
Allworth, Edward A. (1990). The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the
Present: A Cultural History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 229-230. ISBN 978-0817987329.
39
Herat, in today's Afghanistan. He also funded the construction of mosques,
madrasahs (secondary schools), hospitals and soup kitchens for the poor.
Among the presenters at the symposium were Frederique Bressand,
International Society of Timurids; Dilorom Abidjanova, University of World
Economy at Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Andras Bodrogligeti, University of California
at Los Angeles; Ilse Cirtautas, University of Washington; and Ibrahim Pourhadi of
the Near East Section in the Library's African and Middle Eastern Division. Mary-
Jane Deeb, chief of the African and Middle Eastern Division, made welcoming
remarks on behalf of the Librarian of Congress. Ambassador Adulaziz Kamilov
spoke on behalf of the Embassy of Uzbekistan. Priscilla Roberts, president of the
Friends of Uzbekistan, made the concluding remarks.
A highlight of the symposium was Cirtautas's discussion of the image of
historical figures from 14th and 15th century Central Asia and their importance in
current Uzbek cultural and nationalist discourse. She noted that Timur
(Tamerlane), the 14h century ruler of an empire centered on Samarkand, is often
considered to be the founder of the Uzbek nation. Statues of Timur appear
throughout Uzbekistan. Like Timur, Mir Ali Shir is one of the few figures from
this era who is memorialized in statues throughout the region as the author who
established the language that developed into today's Uzbek—a serious literary
language.
The Library's own Ibrahim Pourhadi noted in his presentation that Navoi
was particularly interested in developing the educational system in the Kingdom of
Herat. He commented at length about Navoi's efforts as a senior government
official to establish schools throughout the realm.
At the symposium, Uzbek author and translator, Shavkat Azimov and
Dwayne Rodeheaver of Ventures, Inc., presented the Library with the first
translation into English of Mir Ali Shir's book titled the "Lisan al-Tayr" ("The
Language of the Birds"), an allegorical work explaining the mystic's path to union
40
with the divine. On display at the symposium were examples from the African and
Middle Eastern Division's collection, including recent works given to the Library
by Ambassador Kamilov.
Among the items on display were rare manuscript pages from Central Asia
and Afghanistan. Of particular importance was a page from the manuscript of the
collected poems of Sultan Husayn Bayqara. This manuscript was completed in the
1490s when Mir Ali Shir was at the court of Sultan Husayn. Mir Ali Mashshadi,
the calligrapher who created the work, was brought to Herat by Navoi and was
supported with commissions from Navoi, Sultan Husayn and other wealthy
individuals.
To most people Western Europe and the Americas, the term "Turk" denotes,
simply, an inhabitant of Turkey. Few realize that as many as 60 percent of the
world's 90 million Turks - defined as anyone who speaks a Turkic language as a
native tongue - live outside the Republic of Turkey.
41
Such differences, however, are mitigated by two unifying factors: Islam - 95
percent of all Turks are Muslim - and a common pride in what, admittedly, are the
almost unknown glories of the Turkish past. These glories include, as one excellent
example, a venerated 15th-century author whom Bernard Lewis, the distinguished
English historian of Islam, called "the Chaucer of the Turks": Mir Ali Shir Navoi.
Navoi - to use the pen name by which Mir Ali Shir is universally known -
did not invent Turkish literature. In fact, the origins of Turkish literature predate
Navoi by at least 700 years. But as Chaucer had done in England a century before,
Navoi revolutionized a national literature by becoming the first really outstanding
writer to use the Turkish vernacular in his works.
41
Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries
Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim
Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 520.
41
In Navoi's hands, Turkish, a language traditionally regarded by men of
letters as uncouth and plebeian, achieved recognition as a graceful medium for
poetry and prose of the highest order. Though Arab and Persian literary purists had
claimed that "barbaric" Turkish was incapable of expressing complex ideas and
lofty emotions with elegance, subtlety and power, Navoi, by his unparalleled
artistry, proved them wrong. Mir Ali Shir Navoi was born in Herat, in what is now
northwestern Afghanistan, in 1441. Herat was then the capital city and residence of
the Timurid Prince Shahrukh, ruler of Khorasan and fourth and ablest son of the
mighty Timur - "Timur-the-Lame" or Tamerlane - who had died in 1405 (See
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