Adv Behav Econ pdf


K A H N E M A N E T A L



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12jun13 aromi advances behavioral economics

62
K A H N E M A N E T A L .
Table 
2.3
Results of Experiment 2
Induced-Value Markets
Actual
Expected
Expected 
Trial
Trades
Trades
Price
Price
1
10
10
3.75
4.75
2
9
10
4.75
4.25
3
7
8
4.25
4.75
Consumption Goods Markets
Median Seller
Median Buyer
Reservation
Trial
Trades
Price
Reservation Price
Price
Mugs (Expected Trades
5
9.5)
4
3
3.75
1.75
4.75
5
3
3.25
2.25
4.75
6
2
3.25
2.25
4.75
7
2
3.25
2.25
4.25
Binoculars (Expected Trades
5
9.5)
8
4
1.25
.75
1.25
9
4
.75
.75
1.25
10
3
.75
.75
1.75
11
3
.75
.75
1.75


It should be noted that subjects in the position of buyers were not given money
to use for purchases, but rather had to make transactions using their own money.
(Subjects were told to bring money to class and that credit and change would be
available if necessary. Some subjects borrowed from friends to make payments.)
The aim was to study transactions in a realistic setting. While the present design
makes potential sellers slightly wealthier, at least in the first market, the magni-
tude of the possible income effect is trivial. In one of the markets the equilibrium
price was only $0.75, and the prices in other markets were never above a few dol-
lars. Also, as shown in experiments 7 and 8 below, equal undertrading was found
in designs that eliminated the possibility of an income effect or cash constraint.
As shown in tables 2.1–2.4, subjects showed almost no undertrading even in their
first trial in an induced-value market. Evidently neither bargaining habits nor any
transaction costs impede trading in money tokens. On the other hand, there is no 
indication that participants in the markets for goods learned to make valuations 
independent of their entitlements. The discrepant evaluations of buyers and sellers
remained stable over four, and in one case five, successive markets for the same
good and did not change systematically over repeated markets for successive goods.
A difference in procedure probably explains the apparent conflict between
these results and the conclusion reached in some other studies, that the WTA-
WTP discrepancy is greatly reduced by market experience. The studies that 
reported a disciplinary effect of market experience assessed this effect by com-
paring the responses of buyers and sellers in preliminary hypothetical questions
or nonbinding market trials to their behavior in a subsequent binding trial with

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