229
D O I N G I T N O W O R L A T E R
discounting.
11
Given
d
5
1, without loss of generality we can interpret delayed re-
wards or costs as being experienced in period
T
1
1. We can then describe a person’s
intertemporal utility from the perspective of period
t
of completing the activity in
period
t
$
t
, which we denote by
U
t
(
t
).
12
1.
Immediate Costs
. If a person completes the activity in period
t
, then her
inter-temporal utility in period
t
#
t
is
2.
Immediate Rewards
. If a person completes the activity in period
t
, then her
inter-temporal utility in period
t
#
t
is
We will focus in this environment on three types of agents. We refer to people
with standard exponential, time-consistent preferences (i.e.,
b
5
1) as
TC
s. We
then focus on two types of people with present-biased preferences (i.e.,
b
,
1),
representing the two extremes discussed in section 1. We call people with sophis-
ticated perceptions
sophisticates
, and people with naïve perceptions
naifs
. So-
phisticates and naïfs have identical preferences (throughout we assume they have
the same
b
), and therefore differ only in their perceptions of future preferences.
A person’s behavior can be fully described by a
strategy
s
;
(
s
1
,
s
2
, . . . ,
s
T
),
where
s
t
P
[
Y
,
N
] specifies for period
t
P
[1, 2, . . . ,
T
] whether or not to do the
activity in period
t
given she has not yet done it. The strategy
s
specifies doing it
in period
t
if
s
t
5
Y
, and waiting if
s
t
5
N
. In addition to specifying when the per-
son will actually complete the activity, a strategy also specifies what the person
“would” do in periods after she has already done it; e.g., if
s
t
5
Y
, we still specify
s
t
for all
t
9 .
t
. This feature will prove useful in our analysis. Since the person
must do it in period
T
if she has not yet done it, without loss of generality we re-
quire
s
T
5
Y
.
To describe behavior given our assumptions, we define a “solution concept”: A
perception-perfect strategy
is a strategy that in all periods (even those after the activ-
ity is performed) a person chooses the optimal action given her current preferences
U
c
t
c
t
t
( )
.
τ
υ
β
τ
βυ
β
τ
τ
τ
τ
τ
=
−
=
−
>
if
if
U
c
t
c
t
t
( )
.
τ
βυ
τ
βυ
β
τ
τ
τ
τ
τ
=
−
=
−
>
if
if
11
The results are easily generalized to
d
,
1. Suppose the “true” reward schedule is
p
5
(
p
1
,
p
2
, . . . ,
p
t
), the “true” cost schedule is
f
5
(
f
1
,
f
2
, . . . ,
f
t
), and
d
,
1. If, for instance, costs are
immediate and rewards are received in period
T
1
1, then if we let
y
t
5
d
t
1
1
p
t
and
c
t
5
d
t
f
t
for each
t
, doing the analysis with
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