ments also affect prices and quantities in markets. The lab is especially useful for
these studies because individual and market-level data can be observed simultane-
ously (Camerer 1987; Ganguly, Kagel, and Moser 2000).
Although behavioral economists initially relied extensively on experimental
data, we see behavioral economics as a very different enterprise from experimen-
tal economics (see Loewenstein 1999).
As noted, behavioral economists are
methodological eclectics. They define themselves not on the basis of the research
methods that they employ but rather on their application of psychological insights
to economics. Experimental economists, on the other hand, define themselves on
the basis of their endorsement and use of experimentation as a research tool. Con-
sistent with this orientation, experimental economists have made a major invest-
ment in developing novel experimental methods that are suitable for addressing
economic issues and have achieved a virtual consensus among themselves on a
number of important methodological issues.
This consensus includes features that we find appealing and worthy of emula-
tion (see Hertwig and Ortmann, 2001). For example, experimental economists of-
ten make instructions and software available for precise replication, and raw data
are typically archived or generously shared for reanalysis. Experimental econo-
mists insist on paying
performance-based incentives, which reduces response
noise (but does not typically improve rationality; see Camerer and Hogarth 1999),
and also have a prohibition against deceiving subjects.
However, experimental economists have also developed rules that many behav-
ioral economists are likely to find excessively restrictive. For example, experi-
mental economists rarely
collect data like demographics, self-reports, response
times, and other cognitive measures that behavioral economists have found use-
ful. Descriptions of the experimental environment are usually abstract rather than
evocative of a particular context in the outside world because economic theory
rarely makes a prediction about how contextual labels would matter, and experi-
menters are concerned about losing control over incentives if choosing strategies
with certain labels is appealing because of the labels themselves. Psychological
research shows that the effect of context on decision making can be powerful (see
Goldstein and Weber 1995; Loewenstein 2001)
and some recent experimental
economics studies have explored context effects too (Cooper et al. 1999; Hoff-
man et al. 1994). Given that context is likely to matter, the question is whether to
treat it as a nuisance variable or an interesting treatment variable. It is worth de-
bating further whether or not it is useful to help subjects see a connection between
the experiment and the naturally occurring situations the experiment is designed
to model, by using contextual cues.
Economics experiments also typically use “stationary replication”—in which the
same task is repeated over and over, with fresh endowments in each period. Data
from the last few periods of the experiment are typically used to draw conclusions
about equilibrium behavior outside the lab. While we believe that examining be-
havior after it has converged is of great interest, it is also obvious that many impor-
tant aspects of economic life are like the
first
few periods of an experiment rather
than the
last.
If we think of marriage, educational decisions, saving for retirement,
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