Actual division of the sentences Introduction Plan

What is done cannot be undone.
What he expected began.
Any word or words used as quotations:
Your "i" must be dotted.
+"The War of the Worlds" was first published in 1898.
2.2. Word order and actual division of sentences
Some phrases and sentences mean something quite different from what would be obtained from simple addition of the used words. Why the same sentence can be understood in different ways by putting an emphasis from one word to another? If the proposal is in the context, the surrounding words are usually given explanations that help avoid mistakes. But sometimes the right conclusion very difficult to do. In addition, this significantly complicates the perception of information, because it requires too much effort to balance the places of the pieces of sentences and phrases. Given the problems of explanation and perception is important to separate syntax and the actual division of the sentence.
If you don't understand the move, what part of the sentence is the main, as a dependent, and what the speaker makes a statement based on facts already known, and that he wanted to present as a unique information – not received any cursory reading, no standing dialogue with the interlocutor. Therefore, when you set out to better align your words with some rules and norms inherent to the used language. Arguing in the opposite direction, the process of assimilation will be easier if you are familiar with the logical principles of formation of sentences and the most common use cases.
Syntax and semantics
We Can say that the actual division of sentences – and there are logical connections and accents, or rather, their explanations or finding. Misunderstandings often occur when communicating even in their native language, and when it comes to transactions with a foreign language, you need in addition to the standard issues to take into account differences in culture. In different languages traditionally prevails one or another word order and actual division of the sentence should be culturally appropriate.
If you think of broad categories, all languages can be divided into two groups: synthetic and analytical. In synthetic languages a parts of speech have several word forms that reflect the individual characteristics of an object, phenomenon or actions concerning the events. For nouns, for example, values, gender, person, number and case; verbs such parameters are the time, declination, inclination, conjugation, perfect, etc Each word has the ending or suffix (and sometimes even change radically), the appropriate function that allows the morphemes responsive to a changing in climate. Russian is a synthetic language, as it is the logic and syntax of the phrases to a large extent rely on the variability of the morphemes, and the possible combinations in any order.
There are also isolated languages, where each word corresponds to only one form, and the meaning of the utterance may only be transferred via means of expressing actual division of the sentence as the correct combination and sequence of words. If you rearrange the parts of sentences, the meaning can change dramatically because disturbed the direct connections between the elements. In analytical languages the parts of speech have word-forms can, but their number is usually much lower than synthetic. Here there's sort of a compromise between immutability words, fixed word order and the flexibility, mobility, vzaimootnosheniyam.
Topical and grammatical articulation of the sentences mean virtually the language has two sides-first, meaning, that is, the logical structure, the second – the actual display, that is, syntactic structure. This applies equally to items of different levels-individual words, phrases, phrasal turns, sentences, context sentences, the overall text and its context. Paramount has meaning-for it is evident that, by and large, is the only purpose of language. However, the actual display can not exist separately, as, in turn, his only goal – to ensure a correct and unambiguous transfer of meaning. The most famous example? “Execute not pardon”. In English it can sound like this: “Execution is ending then obviation” (“Execution is ending then obviation”, “Execution is ending then, obviation”). For a proper understanding of the instructions you need to determine if the members of the group “executed”, “pardon" or group "eats”, “pardoned”.
In this situation, the conclusion is impossible without syntactic indication of what – that is, without the comma or any other punctuation mark. This is true for the existing order of words, but if the offer looks like an “to execute can not be pardoned”, the corresponding output would be possible to do, based on their location. Then “executed” would be a direct indication of a “can not be pardoned” - a separate claim, because it would be double meaning of the provision, the words “impossible”
The Actual division of sentences involves the separation of the syntactic structure into logical components. They can imagineof themselves or members of sentences, or blocks are closely United in meaning of words. Typically use terms such as subject, Remus and the unit of partitioning is to describe the means of actual division of the sentence. Theme – already known information or a background part of the message. REM – it is part of that emphasis. It contains fundamentally important information without which the sentence would lose its purpose. In the Russian language, Remus, as a rule, is in the end of the sentence. Although it is not clear, in fact, REM can be placed anywhere. However, when Remus is, for example, at the beginning of the sentence, surrounding sentences usually contains either stylistic or semantic indication of it.
The True definition of theme and rheme helps us to understand the essence of the text. Unit divisions – words, or undivided in the sense of the phrase. The elements that complete the picture details. Their recognition is necessary to perceive the text not word by word, and through the logical combination.
“Logical" subject to “logical” addition
The proposal there is always a group of subject group and predicate. The group says the subject who performs the action, or who describes the predicate (if the predicate expresses a condition). The group of the predicate says that makes the subject, either one way or the other reveals its nature. Also there is a Supplement, which is attached to the verb-it indicates an object or a living object, which moves the action of the subject. And it is not always easy to understand what is subject and what Supplement. The subject in the passive voice is a logical addition – that is, the object on which the action is performed. And the complement takes the form of a logical agent – that is, someone who performs an action. Actual division of sentences in the English language distinguishes three criteria on which it is possible to make sure there is subject and what is a Supplement. First, the subject always agreed with the verb in person and number. Second, it usually takes the position before the verb, and the complement of – after. Thirdly, it carries the semantic role of subject. But if the reality is contrary to some of these criteria, then the first thing to consider consistency with the verbal group. In this case, the addition is called a “logical” the subject, and the subject, respectively, “a logical extension".
Controversy over the composition of the group of the predicate
Also, the actual partitioning of the proposal gives rise to many debates about what constitutes the group of the predicate-the verb or the verb and related add-ons. This is complicated by the fact that between them, sometimes no clear boundaries. In modern linguistics it is accepted that a verb depending on the grammatical scheme proposals – or the actual verb (main verb), or proper verb with the auxiliary and modal verbs (modal verbs and auxiliaries), or a linking verb and a nominal part of compound predicate, and the remaining not included in the group.
Thought, which must pass our saying, always concentrates at a certain point. The actual partitioning of the proposal is to recognize that this point is the peak and it should focus attention. If the accent is placed incorrectly, can lead to misunderstanding or incorrect understanding of the idea. Of course, language has certain grammar rules, however, they describe only the General principles of education designs and are used for template construction. When it comes to logical emphasis, often we are forced to change the structure of the utterance, even if it is contrary to the laws of education. And many of these syntactic deviations from the norm has acquired the status of «official». That is, they are entrenched in the language, and are widely used in normative speech. Similar phenomena take place when they release the author from recourse to more complicated and overly cumbersome constructions, and when the goal is sufficiently justifies the means. As a result we enriched the expressiveness and becomes more diverse.
Some idiomatiska momentum, it would be impossible to communicate through standard operating members of the proposals. For example, the actual division of the sentence in English takes into account the phenomenon of inversion of the sentence. Depending on the desired effect it is achieved in different ways. In a General sense, inversion means moving the members in an unusual place. As a rule, members of inversions become the subject and predicate. Their usual order is-subject, then verb, then object and adverbial. In fact, interrogative constructions are inverses, in a sense: part of the verb is brought forward to be. Generally transferred noncoding part which can be expressed in modal or an auxiliary verb. Inversion here serves the same purpose – to make an emphasis on a specific word (group of words), to pay attentionthe reader/listener to a particular part of the utterance, to show that this proposal differs from the approval. Just these transformations so long existed, so naturally became the use, and so widely used that we do not treat them as something out of the ordinary.
Tematicheskoe the allocation of secondary members
In addition to the normal inversion of subject-predicate may be making to the forefront of any member of the proposal – definitions, circumstances or Supplement. Sometimes it looks completely natural and provides the syntactic structure of the language, and sometimes serves as an indicator about the change of semantic role, and entails rearrangement of the other members of the phrase. Actual division of sentences in the English language suggests that if the author should focus on any detail he puts it in the first place, if intonation, it can not be allocated, or if allocated, it is possible, but under certain conditions may cause an ambiguity. Or if the author simply isn't enough effect can be obtained by the intonation of the selection. It is often the grammatical basis are also permutations of the subject and the action.
Word Order
To talk about the different kinds of inversions as a means of allocating particular parts of the proposal should be considered the standard word order and actual division of sentences with typical, formulaic approach. Because members often consist of several words, and the value should be understood only in conjunction, we will also need to note, are formed as composite members.
In the standard scenario, the subject always comes before the predicate. It can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the common case, gerund, infinitive, and subordinate sentence. The predicate is expressed using the verb in the form of the actual infinitive; the verb, not carrying in itself a specific meaning added to the main verb; after the auxiliary verb and the nominal part, represented, as a rule, a noun in the common case, pronoun in the objective case, or an adjective. As an auxiliary verb can be a linking verb or modal verb. The name part can equally be expressed in other parts of speech and phrases.
Total value phrases
The Theory of actual division of the sentence suggests that the unit of partitioning is properly defined, helps significantly to know what the text says. Combinations of words can acquire new, unusual, or not quite peculiar to them individually a sense. For example, prepositions often change the content of the verb, they give it many different meanings, up to the opposite. Definition, which can be completely different parts of speech, and even of the subordinate clause, konkretisiert the meaning of the word to which they are attached. The specification generally limits the range of properties of an object or phenomenon, and makes it stand out from the mass of those like him. In such cases, the actual division of sentences you need to make cautiously and carefully, because sometimes the relationship is so twisted and erased the time that the Association of the subject with any class, relying only on the part of the sentence, significantly distances us from the actual fact.
The Unit of division can be called a piece of text without losing the contextual relationships may be determined with the help of hermeneutics-that is, which as a whole may be paraphrased or translated. Its value can deepen, in particular, or reside at a more superficial level, but not to deviate from its direction. For example, if we are talking about moving up, then it should remain upwards. The nature of the action, including physical and stylistic features, is preserved, but there is a freedom to interpret the details – which, of course, it is better to use in order to bring the resulting to the original and to reveal its potential.
Search logic in the context
The Difference in syntax and logical division is as follows – from a grammatical point of view the most important part of the sentence is the subject. In particular, the actual division proposal in the Russian language is repelled by this assertion. Although the position of some modern linguistic theories, such is the predicate. So take the generalized position and say that the main member is one of the components of grammar basics. When from the point of view of logic the Central figure may be any member.