What is the depreciation charge for the year ended 31st August
20X5?
•
Show the relevant ledger accounts and statement of financial
position presentation at that date.
Solution to Illustration 2
Cash register Depreciation charge: 10% × $5,000 × 9/12 = $375
Delivery van Depreciation charge: 15% × $22,000 × 5/12 = $1,375
Cost (cash register)
$
$
Cost 5,000
Balance
c/f
5,000
––––––
––––––
5,000
5,000
––––––
––––––
Balance b/f
5,000
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Cost (delivery van)
$
$
Cost 22,000
Balance
c/f
22,000
––––––
––––––
22,000
22,000
––––––
––––––
Balance b/f
22,000
Accumulated depreciation (cash register)
$
$
Balance c/f
375 Depreciation expense
20X5
375
––––––
––––––
375
375
––––––
––––––
Balance
b/f
375
Accumulated depreciation (delivery van)
$
$
Balance c/f
1,375 Depreciation expense
20X5
1,375
––––––
––––––
1,375
1,375
––––––
––––––
Balance
b/f
1,375
Depreciation expense
$
$
Accumulated
depreciation (cash
register)
375
Accumulated
depreciation (delivery
van)
1,375 Profit
loss
1,750
––––––
––––––
1,750
1,750
––––––
––––––
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Statement of financial position extract at 31 August 20X5
Non-current assets
Cost
Accumulated
depreciation
CA
$
$
$
Cash register
5,000
(375)
4,625
Delivery van
22,000
(1,375)
20,625
––––––
––––––
––––––
Total 27,000
(1,750)
25,250
Test your understanding 4
Coco acquired two non
current assets for cash on 1 August 20X5 for use
in her party organising business:
•
a property with a 25
year useful life for $200,000 with no expected
residual value
•
a chocolate fountain for $4,000.
The fountain is to be depreciated at 25% pa using the reducing balance
method.
A full year of depreciation is charged in the year of acquisition and none
in the year of disposal.
Show the ledger account entries for these assets for the years
ending 31 October 20X5, 20X6 and 20X7.
9 Changing
estimates
Businesses should apply the same rates and methods of depreciation
consistently throughout the life of their business. However, if a business
believes that its estimates of useful life and/or residual value are inappropriate it
is permitted to change them with no further recourse. In order to do this you
simply work out the new depreciation charge of the asset based on the revised
estimate of useful life or residual value.
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Illustration 3 – Changes to estimates
Alfie purchased a non
current asset for $100,000 on 1 January 20X2 and
started depreciating it over five years. Residual value was taken as
$10,000.
At 1 January 20X3 a review of asset lives was undertaken and the
remaining useful life of the asset was estimated at eight years. Residual
value was estimated to be nil.
Calculate the depreciation charge for the year ended 31 December
20X3 and subsequent years.
Solution to Illustration 3
Initial depreciation charge
= ($100,000 – $10,000)/5 years = $18,000 pa.
At 1 Jan 20X3 the asset would have accumulated one year' of
depreciation. Its carrying amount would therefore be $100,000 – $18,000
= $82,000.
At this point the asset is estimated to have a remaining useful life of 8
years and $nil residual value. From now on the depreciation charge will
be $82,000/8 years =
$10,250 pa.
Test your understanding 5
Alberto bought a wood
burning oven for his pizza restaurant for $30,000
on 1 January 20X0. At that time he believed that the oven’s useful life
would be 20 years after which it would have no value.
On 1 January 20X3, Alberto revises his estimations: he now believes that
he will use the oven in the business for another 12 years after which he
will be able to sell it second
hand for $1,500.
What is the depreciation charge for the year ended 31 December
20X3?
A $2,000
B $2,125
C $1,875
D $2,375
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Chapter summary
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Test your understanding answers
Test your understanding 1
The correct answer is A
Land and buildings
Office premises: $250,000
Legal fees: $10,000
Total: $260,000
•
The cost of the purple paint does not form part of the cost of the
office and so should not be capitalised. Instead it should be taken to
the statement of profit or loss as a revenue expense.
Motor vehicles
3 Mercedes E series: $116,000
Number plates: $210
Delivery charges: $180
Total: $116,390
•
The number plates are one
off charges which form part of the
purchase price of any car.
•
The road licence fee, drivers’ wages and receipts are ongoing
expenses, incurred every year. They cannot be capitalised, but
should be taken to the statement of profit or loss as expenses.
Test your understanding 2
The correct answer is D
Oven 20X6
$
£2,000 × 10%
200
Minibus
20X4: 25% × $18,000 = $4,500
20X5: 25% × $(18,000 – 4,500) = $3,375
20X6: 25% × $(18,000 – 7,875) = $2,531
2,531
–––––
Total depreciation charge
2,731
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Test your understanding 3
The correct answer is B
Machine 1
20X5: 20% × $12,000 × 5/12 = $1,000
20X6: 20% × $12,000 = $2,400
Machine 2
20X6: 10% × $8,000 × 3/12 = $200
Total depreciation charge
20X5: $1,000
20X6: $2,400 + $200 = $2,600
Test your understanding 4
Property (cost)
$
$
1.8.X5 Cash
200,000 Balance c/f
200,000
–––––––
–––––––
200,000
200,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance b/f
200,000
Fountain (cost)
$
$
1.8.X5 Cash
4,000 Balance c/f
4,000
–––––––
–––––––
4,000
4,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance b/f
4,000
Depreciation charge – Property & Fountain
$
$
X5 accumulated
depreciation
9,000 Profit or loss
9,000
–––––––
–––––––
X6 accumulated
depreciation
8,750 Profit or loss
8,750
–––––––
–––––––
X7 accumulated
depreciation
8,563 Profit or loss
8,563
–––––––
–––––––
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Accumulated depreciation – Property
$
$
X5 depreciation charge
8,000
Balance c/f
8,000
–––––––
–––––––
8,000
8,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
8,000
X6 depreciation charge
8,000
Balance c/f
16,000
–––––––
–––––––
16,000
16,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
16,000
X7 depreciation charge
8,000
Balance c/f
24,000
–––––––
–––––––
24,000
24,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
24,000
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Accumulated depreciation – Fountain
$
$
X5 depreciation charge
1,000
Balance c/f
1,000
–––––––
–––––––
1,000
1,000
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
1,000
X6 depreciation charge
750
Balance c/f
1,750
–––––––
–––––––
1,750
1,750
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
1,750
X7 depreciation charge
563
Balance c/f
2,313
–––––––
–––––––
2,313
2,313
–––––––
–––––––
Balance
b/f
2,313
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Annual depreciation workings:
Note, details of the depreciation method and rate for the property are not
given in the question. We are however told that the property has an
expected useful life of 25 years with no expected residual value. This
suggests that it would be appropriate to use the straight
line method with
a useful life of 25 years.
20X5
Property: $200,000/25 years = $8,000
Fountain: $4,000 × 25% = $1,000
Total: 9,000
20X6
Property: $200,000/25 years = $8,000
Fountain: $3,000 × 25% = $750
Total: 8,750
20X7
Property: $200,000/25 years = $8,000
Fountain: $2,250 × 25% = $563
Total: $8,563
Test your understanding 5
The correct answer is A
Initial depreciation charge = $30,000/20 years = $1,500
CA at date of change = $30,000 – ($1,500 × 3 years) = $25,500
New depreciation charge = $25,500 – $1,500/12 years = $2,000 pa
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Non-current assets:
disposal and revaluation
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
•
prepare ledger entries to record the disposal of non-current
assets, including part exchange transactions
•
calculate profits or losses on disposal
•
record the revaluation of a non-current asset
•
calculate the profit or loss on the disposal of a revalued asset
•
illustrate how non-current assets are disclosed in the
financial statements.
Chapter
8
PER
One of the PER performance objectives (PO6) is
to record and process transactions and events.
Working through this chapter should help you
understand how to demonstrate that objective.
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1 Overview
Introduction
This chapter develops the principles considered in the previous chapter
and deals with accounting for the disposal and revaluation of property,
plant and equipment.
Much of the content of this chapter is new. However, it is an important
foundation for your future ACCA studies, in particular for Financial
Reporting and Strategic Business Reporting.
2
Disposal of non-current assets
IAS 16 says that
'the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and
equipment shall be derecognised on disposal or when no future economic
benefits are expected from its use or disposal'
(IAS 16 para 67). When a
tangible non-current asset is disposed of ('derecognised') there are a number of
adjustments required to remove the asset and associated accumulated
depreciation from the statement of financial position and to record a profit or
loss on the disposal.
Profit/loss on disposal
Proceeds > CA at disposal date
= Profit
Proceeds < CA at disposal date
= Loss
Proceeds = CA at disposal date
= Neither profit nor loss
Note:
A disposals T-account is required when recording the disposal of a non-
current asset. This is a profit or loss account.
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Disposal for cash consideration
This is a three-step process:
1 Remove
the
original cost
of the non-current asset from the ‘non-current
asset’ account.
Dr Disposals account
Cr NC asset cost account
2 Remove
accumulated depreciation
on the non-current asset from the
‘accumulated depreciation’ account.
Dr Accumulated depreciation account
Cr Disposals account
3 Record
the
proceeds
.
Dr Cash account
Cr Disposals account
The balance on the disposals T-account is the profit or loss on disposal:
Disposal
Original cost
X
Accumulated depreciation
X
Proceeds
X
Profit on disposal
ß
Loss on disposal
ß
––
––
X
X
––
––
The profit or loss on disposal can also be calculated as proceeds less CA of
asset at disposal.
Test your understanding 1
Percy Throwerp runs a landscape gardening business. On 1 February
20X2, he purchased a sit-on lawnmower costing $3,000. He depreciates
it at 10% per annum straight line on a monthly basis. A few years later he
decides to replace it with one which has an enclosed cabin for use when
it rains. He sells the lawnmower to an old friend, Alan Titchmuck, for
$2,000 on 31 July 20X5.
How much is charged to Percy’s statement of profit or loss in
respect of the asset for the year ended 31 December 20X5?
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Disposal through a part-exchange agreement (PEA)
A part-exchange agreement arises where an old asset is provided in part
payment for a new one, the balance of the new asset being paid in cash.
The procedure to record the transaction is very similar to the three-step process
seen for a cash disposal.
The first two steps are identical; however steps 3 and 4 are as follows:
3 Record
the
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