Abslyut nol harorat

The heat capacity is a physical quantity equal to the amount of heat that must be reported to the body to heat it by one degree:
The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity of one mole of matter:
The first law of thermodynamics asserts that it is impossible to build such a periodically acting engine that would allow to get a job greater than the energy that is supplied to the engine from the outside: a perpetual motion of the first kind is impossible.
A circular process or cycle is a thermodynamic process, as a result of which the working medium returns to its original state.
A direct cycle is a circular process in which, by sending a certain amount of heat to the working body, its work against external pressure forces is positive.
The reverse cycle is a circular process in which the work of the working body is negative due to the withdrawal of the equivalent amount of heat from it.
The Carnot cycle is a direct invertible circular process consisting of two isotherms and two adiabats.
The second law of thermodynamics: a) a process is impossible, the only result of which is the transfer of energy in the process of heat exchange from a less heated body to a warmer body (Clausius formulation); B) a periodic process is impossible, the only result of which would be to obtain the work of a working body equal to the amount of heat received from the heater (Kelvin formulation).
The third law of thermodynamics considers the behavior of a thermodynamic system as T → 0. The third law of thermodynamics leads to the inaccessibility of absolute zero temperature. For all bodies, the heat capacities and the expansion coefficients vanish at absolute zero.
A thermal engine is a device that converts the internal energy of conventional or nuclear fuel into mechanical energy.
A refrigeration unit is a cyclically acting device that maintains a temperature in the refrigerator chamber lower than in the environment.