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The World Wide Web Consortium (www.w3.org)

This organisation is responsible for web standards. Its director is Tim  Berners-  Lee. Today, it 

focuses on improving publishing standards such as HTML and XML. The consortium also 

aims to promote accessibility to the web for those with disabilities, for instance.

Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium 

(TINA-C,   www.tinac.com/)

This consortium takes a  higher-  level view of how applications communicate over communi-

cations networks. It does not define detailed standards. Its principles are based on an  object- 

 oriented approach to enable easier integration of systems. In its terms:

The purpose of these principles is to insure interoperability, portability and reusability of 

software components and independence from specific technologies, and to share the 

burden of creating and managing a complex system among different business stakehold‑

ers, such as consumers, service providers, and connectivity providers.

Although it has been established since the 1990s, it has had limited success in establishing 

solutions which are branded as ‘ TINA-  compliant’.