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total cost of 

ownership (TCO)

  of delivering and managing information systems. Applications delivered 

through a  web-  based intranet or extranet can be cheaper to maintain since no installation is 

required on the  end-  user’s PC, upgrades are easier and there are fewer problems with users 

reconfiguring software. Applications include tools for workgroups to collaborate on projects, 

 self-  service human resources (e.g. to book a holiday or arrange a job review), financial mod-

elling tools and a  vehicle-  build tracking system. Traditional information such as competitive 

intelligence, company news and manufacturing quality statistics can also be shared.    

  Managing internal digital communications through intranets and extranets