means -/e/s is considered to be productive, but in Modern English there are some non-productive
types of plural number, as for instance:
a) suffix - en : ox
- oxen
b) variation of vowels in the root of a word:
tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; man-men,
c) variation of vowels of the root + suffix- "ren" children;
d) homonymous forms for both sing and plural:
sheep – sheep
deer – deer
swine – swine
This type of formation of plurality was a norm for the whole group of words in Old
English, but in Modern English only some words have been preserved.
Non-productive type of number we find in some borrowed
words from Latin and Greek, such as:
datum – data
basis – bases /si:z/
memorandum – memoranda
crisis – crises /si:z/
formula – formulae /i: /
analysis – analyses /si:z/
These words form their plural as per the norms of Latin and Greek languages, though some
of them form their plural according to English: formulas, memorandums.
With regard to the category of number English nouns fall under two subclasses: countable
and uncountable. The latter is again subdivided into those having no plural form and those having
no singular. The former type is called Pluralia tantum: clothes, goods, the latter - singularia tantum:
milk, water.
The lexical and grammatical morphemes of a word linked together so closely that sometimes it seems
impossible to separate them. The relation between foot and feet, goose and geese, man and men is similar to the
relation between.
bag – bags; desk – desks
The examples above remind us the facts of the Arabic language. In this language lexical
morphemes are usually consist of consonants. They are united
with vocalic morphemes
grammatical in character and occurring between consonants, e.g.,
Ktb
ktaab
- a book
kutub
- books
katab
- he wrote
kaatib
- clerk
kattab - he dictated.
In these examples consonants Ktb are lexical morphemes as well as English f...t, g...s, m...n and so on. But
there are two different things here to be distinguished. Arabic is a Semitic synthetic language while English is an
Indo-European analytical one. If a discontinuous lexical morpheme is characteristic to the system of Arabic, for
English it is an exception. English forms its plural forms by - /e/ s.
Some linguists consider the case as above as internal inflection inserted into a lexical one / -u- / and / - i : - /
/ as it is in Arabic / and others think of vowel change / u > i: /.
To be consistent we'll regard nouns above as follows:
sing. Man - pl /man
+ s/ =
men
The group of pluralia tantum is mostly composed on nouns which express things as objects
consisting of two or more parts, e.g. trousers, scissors. Nouns like clothes, sweets must also be
referred to pluralia tantum since they denote collective meaning. The - s, here is lexicalized and
developed into an inseparable part of the stem. The suffix here
is no longer a grammatical
morpheme.
In compound nouns both the 1
st
and 2
nd
components may be pluralized:
father-in-law / 1
st
/, suitcase / 2
nd
/, Manservant—menservants etc.
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