A Survey on Cellular-connected UAVs: Design Challenges, Enabling 5G/B5G Innovations, and Experimental Advancements
Figure 6:
UAVs being served from side lobes [
62
]
of timers or after a certain maximum number of retransmis-
sions is reached [
60
].
In cellular-connected UAV, the protocol operations and
regulatory needs of UAVs as aerial users are quite different
from the ground user. Hence, the network must first detect
if the user device is aerial or not [
61
]. This detection can be
driven by the ground BS by estimating:
• the elevation angle of the reference signal;
• vertical location (altitude) or velocity of user device;
• path loss/delay spread measurement of user devices.
4.3.2. Associated Works and Illustrative Results
The handover characteristics vary significantly between
ground UEs and aerial UE due to the nature of cell selec-
tion, as shown in Fig.
6
. In [
62
], the authors demonstrated
the impact of UAV flight path on handovers. The results
show that UAVs are prone to frequent handovers, and ping-
pong handovers, due to varying altitude and speed. Even
smaller flight distances can have a large impact on handover
rate. Also, the handover frequency increases when flight al-
titude increases. Table
3
summarizes the number of han-
dovers occurring per minute for UAV, as compared to ter-
restrial users. Scenario1 is equivalent to a ground user hav-
ing one handover per minute. However, in scenario4, UAVs,
at an altitude of 150m, experiences 5 handovers per minute.
Many of the handovers are unnecessary and generate high
signalling overhead. Handover decisions are mainly made
depending upon received RSRP (Referenced Signal Refer-
enced Power) values from different BS antennas. Ground
users are benefited by this approach, because the radio trans-
mission power are directed to ground from the main lobes
of the antenna, thereby improved radio power and every re-
ceived RSRP is well separated from others. However, the
aerial users are served primarily by the antenna side lobes,
whose RSRP tends to be very similar to the radio power from
other surrounding BS. Hence, the UAV connects with more
cells (distant cells), as there is a small difference in the RSRP
values resulted from BS antenna side lobes.
Hence, integration of cellular-connected UAVs with fu-
ture 5G/B5G networks necessitates enhanced solutions for
cell selection and handovers that seamlessly cover changing
altitudes of UAVs and support their 3D mobility patterns.
Table 3
Rate of handovers with varying UAV altitude [
62
]
Scenario
Height (Meters)
#Handovers/Minute
1
10
1.0
2
50
1.9
3
100
4
4
150
5
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