4
Externals
An external is a physical adjustment made by the actor that either
aids in the telling of the story or illustrates an imaginary
circumstance of the play. A very basic example: you are cast as a
king. In all likelihood your crown has nothing to do with your
actions; it simply illustrates to the audience that you are the king.
There are three basic types of externals:
1. Bodily adjustments—for example, posture, voice or speech
alterations, and physical handicaps.
2. Ornaments—costumes and makeup.
3. Physical states—for example, drunkenness, exhaustion, feeling
hot or cold, or illness.
Invariably, the way to incorporate an external into your work is
to make it as habitual as the lines of the play so that it can exist
independent of the action.
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