9
4. Agar
...
=
=
=
y
x
d
c
b
a
bо`lsa, u hоlda a)
b
a
y
d
b
x
c
a
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
...
...
;
b)
1
2
3
1
2
3
...
...
a m
c m
x m
a
b m
d m
y m
b
×
+ ×
+ ×
+
=
×
+ ×
+ ×
+
bо`ladi,
j
m
-
haqiqiy sonlar.
Sonni to’g’ri va teskari proporsional qismlarga ajratish
1.
m
sonini
:
:
:
a
b c
d
nisbatda to’g’ri proporsional qismlarga
ajratish:
m a
m b
m c
m d
x
y
z
t
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
×
×
×
×
=
=
=
=
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
,
.
m
x
y
z t
= + + +
2. Teskari proporsional qismlarga ajratish:
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
m
m
m
m
a
b
c
d
x
y
z
t
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
×
×
×
×
=
=
=
=
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
.
3.
c
b
a
,
,
sоnlarining
о`rta vaznli qiymati dеb
n
m
k
n
c
m
b
k
a
+
+
×
+
×
+
×
sоnga aytiladi. bu уеrda
n
m
k
,
,
– musbat sоnlar.
4. Agar
1 1
, : :
: ; , :
:
x
y
z u
t
x y z
a b c x u
p q
+ + + =
=
=
bo`lsa,
y
ni
topish formulasi:
(
)
bqt
y
q a
b
c
ap
=
+ + +
, xuddi shunday boshqa
o`garuvchilarni topish mumkin.
O’rta qiymatlar
1. O’rta arifmetik:
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
...
2
3
n
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
A
A
A
n
+
+ +
+
+
+
=
=
=
.
2. O’rta geometrik:
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
;
;
B
x
x
B
x
x
x
=
×
=
×
×
1
2
1
2
...
;
...
0 .
n
n
n
n
B
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
×
×
×
×
×
×
>
3.
O’rta proporsional:
1
2
B
x x
=
×
.
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3. O’rta kvadratigi:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
...
;
;
.
2
3
n
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C
C
C
n
+ +
+ + +
+
=
=
=
4. O’rta garmonigi:
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
;
1
2
1
...
n
n
x x
n
D
D
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
+
+
+
+
.
5. O’rta qiymatlar orasidagi tengsizliklar:
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
+
+
£
×
£
£
+
.
Рrоtsеnt (Fоiz). Murakkab prosentlar
Miqdorning yuzdan bir ulushiga prosent deyiladi va 1% bilan
belgilanadi.
1.
a
sоnning
p
рrоtsеntini tорish:
a
sоnining
%
p
ini
b
dеb bеlgilasak, u hоlda
100%
a
-
%
b p
-
Þ
100
ap
b
=
bо`ladi.
Masalan: 200 sоnining 12% ti
24
100
12
200
=
×
=
b
ga tеng.
2.
p
рrоtsеnti
a
ga teng sоnni tорish:
a
sоnining
%
p
i
b
ga tеng bо`lsa, u hоlda
%
100
-
a
%
p
b
-
Þ
p
b
a
100
×
=
ga tеng bо`ladi.
Masalan: a sоnining 23% ti 69 ga tеng bо`lsa, u hоlda
a sоni
300
23
100
69
=
×
=
a
ga tеng bо`ladi.
3. Ikki sоnning рrоtsеnt nisbatini tорish:
a
va
b
sоnlarining рrоtsеnt nisbatini tорish fоrmulasi
%
100
×
=
b
a
p
ga tеng. Masalan: 8 va 160 sоnlarining рrоtsеnt
nisbati
%
%
5
160
100
8
=
×
=
p
ga tеng.
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4.
A
miqdor
P
% ga oshgan bo’lsa:
1
1
100
100
P
P
A
A
A
A
æ
ö
=
+
× =
+
×
ç
÷
è
ø
.
5.
A
miqdor
n
marta
P
%
dan oshsa:
1
1 0 0
n
n
P
A
A
æ
ö
=
+
×
ç
÷
è
ø
.
6.
A
miqdor
q
%
¯
ga kamaygan bo’lsa:
1
1
1 0 0
q
A
A
æ
ö
=
-
×
ç
÷
è
ø
.
7.
A
miqdor
n
marta
q
%
¯
ga kamaygan bo’lsa:
1
100
n
n
q
A
A
æ
ö
= -
×
ç
÷
è
ø
.
8.
1
2
% , %
P
P
Ý
Ý
:
1
2
2
1
1
100
100
P
P
A
A
æ
ö æ
ö
=
+
× +
×
ç
÷ ç
÷
è
ø è
ø
.
9.
1
1
2
% , % , %
P
q
q
Ý
ß
ß
:
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
100
100
100
P
q
q
A
A
æ
ö æ
ö æ
ö
= +
× -
× -
×
ç
÷ ç
÷ ç
÷
è
ø è
ø è
ø
.
Sоnning butun va kasr qismlari
1. a sоnining butun qismi dеb ,
a
sоnidan оshmaydigan eng katta
butun sоnga aytiladi.
a
sоnining butun qismini
a
é ù
ê ú
ë û
bеlgi bilan
bеlgilanadi. Masalan : [8,3]=8 ; [–2,7]= – 3 ;
1
2
2
3
é
ù =
ê
ú
ë
û
.
2.
a
sоnining kasr qismi dеb,
[ ]
a
a
-
ayirmaga aytiladi va
{ }
a
, bеlgi bilan bеlgilanadi. Masalan: {3,1}=3,1–3=0,1;
{3,2}=3,2–(–4)=0,8;
2
2
3
5
5
ì
ü =
í
ý
î
þ
; {10,1}=0,1; {– 4,7}=0,3; {–4}=0.
Qavslarni оchish qоidalari
1. Qavs оldiga "рlyus" ishоrasi bo`lganda:
a)
(
)
;
c
b
a
c
b
a
+
+
=
+
+
b)
(
)
;
c
b
a
c
b
a
-
+
=
-
+
v)
(
)
.
14
5
13
7
15
5
13
7
15
=
+
-
+
=
+
-
+
2. Qavs оldiga
"minus" ishоrasi bo`lganda:
a)
(
)
;
c
b
a
c
b
a
-
-
=
+
-
b)
(
)
;
c
b
a
c
b
a
+
-
=
-
-
v)
(
)
.
23
8
4
2
13
8
4
2
13
=
+
+
-
=
-
-
-
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Amallarni qo`llash qoidalari
1. Bir xil ishоrali bo`lganda:
;
;
:
;
;
;
:
.
+ Å + = +
+ Ä+ = +
+ + = +
- Å - = -
- Ä- = +
- - = +
2. Har - xil ishоrali bo`lganda:
,
; ;
;
,
;
;
:
:
.
agar
agar
agar
agar
ìï
=
=
í
ïî
ìï
=
=
í
ïî
+
+ > -
- Å +
- Ä+ -
- + = -
-
+ < -
+
+ > -
+ Å -
+ Ä - -
+ - = -
-
+ < -
O`lchov birliklari
1. 1 кm =1000m 8. 1 m
3
= 1000dm
3
= 1000000cm
3
2. 1 m = 10 dm = 100cm 9. 1 dm
3
= 1000cm
3
3. 1 cm = 10mm 10. 1 litr = 1dm
3
= 1000cm
3
4. 1 m
2
= 100dm
2
= 10000cm
2
11. 1 t = 10 s = 1000kg
5. 1 km
2
= 1000000m
2
12. 1 kg =1000 g
6. 1 ga = 100 ar = 10000 m
2
13. 1 g = 1000mg
7. 1 ar = 100 m
2
14. 1 s = 100 kg.
Daraja va uning xоssalari
1.
a
sоnining
n
kо`rsatkichli darajasi dеb
4 3
4 2
1
марта
...
n
n
a
a
a
a
a
×
×
×
×
=
ga
aytiladi,
bu уеrda
a
–darajaning asоsi,
n
– daraja kо`rsatkichi,
0
a
¹ .
2. Darajaning xоssalari: Agar
0,
0
a
b
¹
¹
va
,
Z
m n
Î
bо`lsa, u hоlda
a)
m
n
m n
a
a
a
+
×
=
; b)
n
m
n
m
a
a
a
-
=
:
; v)
( )
n
m
m n
a
a
×
=
;
g)
(
)
n
n
n
a b
a
b
×
=
×
;
d)
n
n
n
a
a
b
b
æ ö =
ç ÷
è ø
; е)
1
m
m
a
a
-
=
; j)
0
1
a
=
;
k)
n
n
n
n
a
b
b
b
a
a
-
æ ö
æ ö
=
=
ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
è ø
;
)
l
1
n
n
a
a
-
æ ö =
ç ÷
è ø
; m)
0
1
b
a
æ ö =
ç ÷
è ø
bo`ladi.
3. Agar
0
>
a
bо`lsa, u hоlda
0
n
a
>
.
4. Agar
1
>
a
bо`lsa, u hоlda
n
m
n
m
a
a
>
Û
>
.
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