|
213.
Automobile, Film, Broadcasting, Computer.
Scientific discoveries and inventions do not always influence the language in proportion
to their importance. It is doubtful whether the radio and motion pictures are more
important than the telephone, but they have brought more new words into general use.
Such additions to the vocabulary depend more upon the degree to which the discovery or
invention enters into the life of the community. This can be seen especially in the many
new words or new uses of old words that have re-sulted from the popularity of the
automobile and the numerous activities associated with it. Many an old word is now used
in a special sense. Thus we
park
a car, and the verb
to park
scarcely suggests to the
average driver anything except leaving his or her car along the side of a street or road or
in a
parking space
. But the word is an old one, used as a military term
(to park cannon)
and later in reference to carriages. The word
automobile
is new, but such words as
sedan
(
saloon
in Britain) and
coupe
are terms adapted from earlier types of vehicles. The
American
truck
is the British
lorry
to which we may attach a
trailer
. We have learned
new words or new meanings in
carburetor, spark plug
(British
sparking plug
),
choke,
clutch, gearshift
(British
gear lever
),
piston rings, differential, universal, steering wheel,
shock absorber, radiator, hood
(British
bonnet
),
windshield
(in Britain
windscreen
),
bumper, chassis, hubcap, power steering, automatic transmission,
and
turbocharger
. We
engage
cruise control,
have a
blowout,
use
radial tires,
carry a
spare,
drive a
convertible
or
station wagon
(British
estate car
), and put the car in a
garage
. We may
tune up
the
engine or
stall
it, or we may
skid, cut in, sideswipe
another car and be fined for
speeding
or running a
traffic light
. We must buy
gas
in America and
petrol
in Britain. Many more
examples could be added to terms familiar to every motorist, to illustrate further what is
already sufficiently clear, the way in which a new thing that becomes genuinely popular
makes demands upon and extends the resources of the language.
The same principle might be illustrated by film, radio, and television. The words
cinema
and
moving picture
date from 1899, whereas the alternative
motion picture
is
somewhat later.
Screen, reel, film, scenario, projector, closeup, fade-out
are now
common, and although the popularity of
three-D
(or
3-D
) as a cinematic effect was short-
lived, the word is still used. The word
radio
in the sense of a receiving station dates from
about 1925, and we get the first hint of
television
as early as 1904. Since many of the
terms from radio broadcasting were applicable in the later development of television, it is
not surprising to find a common vocabulary of broadcasting that includes
broadcast
itself,
aerial, antenna, lead-in, loudspeaker, stand by,
and
solid-state
. Words like
announcer, reception, microphone,
and
transmitter
have acquired special meanings
sometimes more common than their more general senses. The abbreviations FM (for
The nineteenth century and after 281
frequency modulation
) and
AM
(for
amplitude modulation
) serve regularly in radio
broadcasting for the identification of stations, while terms associated with television
include
cable TV, teleprompter, videotape, VCR,
and
DVD
. The related development of
increasingly refined equipment for the recording of sound since Thomas Edison’s
invention of the
phonograph
in 1877 has made the general consumer aware of
stereo
and
stereophonic, quad
and
quadraphonic, tweeter, woofer, tape deck, reel-to-reel,
and
compact disc
or
CD
.
The first electronic digital computers date from Word War II, and a few terms have
been in general use since then. New meanings of
program, language, memory,
and
hardware
are familiar to people who have never used a computer. With the widespread
manufacturing and marketing of personal computers during the 1980s, a much larger
number of English speakers found the need for computer terms in their daily work:
PC
itself,
RAM (random-access memory), ROM (read-only memory), DOS (disk operating
system), microprocessor, byte, cursor, modem, software, hacker, hard-wired, download,
and new meanings of
read, write, mouse, terminal, chip, network, workstation, windows,
and
virus
. The use of
bug
for a problem in running a computer program is sometimes
traced in computer lore to an actual moth residing in the Mark II at Harvard in 1945. It
was discovered by Grace Hopper and is taped in the logbook for September 9, 1945. As it
turns out, however, the 1972 Supplement to the
OED
records
bug
for a problem in
technology as early as 1889, by Thomas Edison working on his phonograph. Admiral
Hopper may have a stronger claim to the first use of
debug
.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
