14
A History of Civilizations
The Study of Civilization Involves All the Social Sciences 15
The stability of these cultural zones and their frontiers does not
however isolate them from cultural imports. Every civilization
imports and exports aspects of its culture. These may include the
lost-wax process for casting, the compass, gunpowder, the tech-
nique for tempering steel, a complete or fragmentary philosophical
system, a cult, a religion or the song about Marlborough that
went the rounds of Europe in the eighteenth century: Goethe
heard it in the streets of Verona in 1786.
The Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre once made a list of all
that his country had received pell-mell from Europe — then very
distant - in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first
five or six of the nineteenth. It included brown beer from
Hamburg, the English cottage, the steam engine (a steamship was
already plying the baia of San Salvador in 1819), white linen
summer clothes, false teeth, gas lighting and - ahead of all of them
— secret societies, notably Freemasonry, which played so big a role
in Latin America at the time of independence. A few decades later
came the philosophical system of Auguste Comte, whose influence
was so marked that traces of it can be detected there even today.
The example of Brazil is one among many. It shows that no
cultural frontier is ever completely closed.
In the past, cultural influences came in small doses, delayed by
the length and slowness of the journeys they had to make. If
historians are to be believed, the Chinese fashions of the T'ang
period travelled so slowly that they did not reach the island of
Cyprus and the brilliant court of Lusignan until the fifteenth
century. From there they spread, at the quicker speed of Mediter-
ranean trade, to France and the eccentric court of Charles VI,
where hennins and shoes with long pointed toes became immensely
popular, the heritage of a long vanished world - much as light still
reaches us from stars already extinct.
Today, the spread of cultural influence has attained vertiginous
speed. There will soon be nowhere in the world that has not been
'contaminated' by the industrial civilization that originated in
Europe. In North Borneo (which with Sarawak was under British
rule until 1963), a few loudspeakers used to relay radio programmes
from Communist China and Indonesia. Their listeners understood
nothing of what the broadcasts were saying, but the rhythms they
heard very soon affected their traditional music and dancing. How
much greater is the influence of the cinema, especially from Europe
and America, on the tastes and even the customs of countries on
the far side of the world.
No example, however, could be more telling than an experience
described by the American anthropologist Margaret Mead. In her
youth she had studied a Pacific island people whose life she had
shared for several months. The war brought them into unexpected
contact with the outside world. After the war, Margaret Mead
returned and wrote a book in which she movingly described what
had happened, with photographs showing many of the same
people as they had been and as they were, totally transformed.
Such, again, is the dialogue between civilization and civilizations
of which we shall hear so much in this book. Will the ever faster
spread of cultural influence remove the frontiers between civiliza-
tions that were once so firm in world history? Many people fear
— and some rejoice — that they will. Yet, however avid civilizations
are to acquire the material adjuncts of 'modern' life, they are not
prepared to take on everything indiscriminately. It even happens,
as we shall see, that they stubbornly reject outside influence. This
is why, now as in the past, they are still able to safeguard
characteristics that everything seems to threaten with extinction.
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