9-son –to’plam dekabr 2021 pedagoglar uz 1

19-son 1 
–to’plam dekabr 2021
 
 
pedagoglar.uz
 
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is now thought that the two-wheeled 
célérifère
never existed (though there were 
four-wheelers) and it was instead a misinterpretation by the well-known French 
journalist Louis Baudry de Saunier in 1891 
The first verifiable claim for a practically used bicycle belongs to 
German Baron Karl von Drais, a civil servant to the Grand Duke 
of Baden in Germany. Drais invented his Laufmaschine (German for "running 
machine") in 1817, that was called 
Draisine
(English) or 
draisienne
(French) by 
the press. Karl von Drais patented this design in 1818, which was the first 
commercially successful two-wheeled, steerable, human-propelled machine, 
commonly called a velocipede, and nicknamed hobby-horse or dandy horse.
[9]
 It 
was initially manufactured in Germany and France. 
Hans-Erhard Lessing (Drais's biographer) found from circumstantial evidence that 
Drais's interest in finding an alternative to the horse was the starvation and death of 
horses caused by crop failure in 1816, the Year Without a Summer (following 
the volcanic eruption of Tambora in 1815).
[10]
 
On his first reported ride from Mannheim on June 12, 1817, he covered 
13 km (eight miles) in less than an hour.
[11]
 Constructed almost entirely of wood, 
the draisine weighed 22 kg (48 pounds), had brass bushings within the wheel 
bearings, iron shod wheels, a rear-wheel brake and 152 mm (6 inches) of trail of 
the front-wheel for a self-centering caster effect. This design was welcomed by 
mechanically minded men daring to balance, and several thousand copies were 
built and used, primarily in Western Europe and in North America. Its popularity 
rapidly faded when, partly due to increasing numbers of accidents, some city 
authorities began to prohibit its use. However, in 1866 Paris a Chinese visitor 
named Bin Chun could still observe foot-pushed velocipedes. 
The concept was picked up by a number of British cartwrights; the most 
notable was Denis Johnson of London announcing in late 1818 that he would sell 
an improved model.
[13]
 New names were introduced when Johnson patented his 
machine “pedestrian curricle” or “velocipede,” but the public preferred nicknames 

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