8127/frame/fm

 
B
Bacon, Francis, 8
Ballistics, 86
Bar exam, 314
Bayes’ theorem, 144, 147
framework, 6, 170
statistics, 172
thinking, 108
Bertillon, Alphonse, 27, 29, 31, 48
Bias(es)
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362
Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
analyst, 250
expectation based on personal, 182
malicious, 249
personal, 182
subconscious, 179, 249, 263, 264
Biological evidence, 29, 45, 108, 135, 263
Biological individuality, 51
Biological processes, random patterns resulting 
from, 124
Birmingham Six, 39
Blind second read, 263
Blood
antigens, 214
groups, 32, 122
transfusions, 32
typing, 41, 283, 284
Bloodstain patterns, 86, 255
Bonin, William, 198
Bow Street Runners, 36
Breathalyzer, 40
Brown, Nicole, 266
Bullet comparison, 36, 37, 52
Burden of proof, 233
Butts, Vernon, 198
 
C
CAC, see California Association of Criminalists
Caddy, Brian, 40
Calculations, 237
California Association of Criminalists (CAC), 11, 
65, 301, 308
California Association of Criminalists, Code of 
Ethics of, 313, 347–352
Case
inherent weakness in, 238
law, 292
review, 232
Casting, 209
CCSC, see Criminalistics Certification Study 
Committee
Ceccaldi, 11
Certification
individual, 310
philosophy of, 307
program, for general criminalistics, 306
Chain of custody
of evidence, 206
starting with evidence collection, 236
Chemical derivatization, 223
Chemical evidence, 263
Chromatographic analysis, 129
Circumstantial evidence, 17, 102, 122, 158, 159, 
176
Civil law, 10, 17
Class characteristics, 77, 117, 120, 125, 127
analysis of evidence for, 131
definition of, 118
hierarchy of, 121
reproducibility of, 119
result of form controlled generation process, 
118
Classification, 18, 78, 115, 120, 140, 145
conclusion of source for, 116
process of, 117
Classification, identification, and individualiza-
tion, 113–154
classification, 116–122
class characteristics from controlled genera-
tion process, 118–119
evidence as class evidence, 121–122
items with same class characteristics having 
different origins, 119–121
identification, 112
individualization, 122–137
conceptual process of individualization, 
130–137
conclusion of common source, 123
individuality and uniqueness, 123–129
individualizing characteristics, 129
physical evidence with individualizing poten-
tial, 129–130
inferring common or different source, 137–140
conclusion, inference, or opinion of common 
source, 137–138
inferences, 138–140
mathematical approaches to expressing strength 
of inference, 140–150
classification, 145–147
individualization, 147–150
necessity of providing assessment of strength 
of inference, 140–141
tools for estimating strength of inference, 
141–145
relationship of evidence to source, 114–116
principle, process, or objective, 115
question of source, 116
Classified evidence, 110, 137, 269
Clemens, Samuel, 27
Clerical errors, 236
Code of behavior, 65
Code of ethics, 65, 301
single, 315
written, 311
Coincidental match, 168
Common origin, 54, 78, 89
Common source
conclusion of, 115, 123, 137, 138
inference of, 138
Competence, demonstration of, 306, 314
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Index