8-мавзу. Бозор ва таваккалчилик

8.7-расм. Нафлик функцияси графиги.
а) шахс карта ўйнайдими?
б) Таваккалчиликка муносабати қандай?
в) Таваккалчиликни йўқотиш учун у қанча сўм пулдан воз кечиши мумкин?
Ечиш. шахснинг даромадини нафлигини ҳисоблаймиз:

Кутиладиган даромад нафлиги:
га тенг.
Нафлик функцияси графигига кўра га тўғри келадиган даромад 900 сўмга тенг.
шахснинг кутиладиган даромади
сўм.
1000 сўмнинг нафлиги
Шундай қилиб, кафолатланган даромад нафлиги карта ўйнаш натижасида кутиладиган даромад нафлиги дан катта бўлгани учун унга карта ўйинига қатнашмаганлиги маъқул.
2) Нафлик функцияси графигининг юқорига қавариқлиги шуни кўрсатадики, таваккалчилик билан боғлиқ ҳар қандай даромаднинг кутиладиган нафлиги кафолатланган даромад нафлигидан кичик бўлади. Шунинг учун ҳам шахс таваккалчиликка мойил эмас.
3) шахснинг таваккалчиликсиз даромади қуйидагича аниқланади:
(таваккалчиликсиз)
бу ерда - таваккалчилик учун тўлов шахснинг кутиладиган нафи, маълумки 5,5 га тенг эди: .
Графикдан кўриш мумкинки, шахс 900 сўмдан кам бўлмаган даромад олсагина 5,5 дан кам бўлмаган нафлик олади. Демак, ёзиш мумкинки бундан
Ютуқни таъминлаш учун шахс 600 сўм тўлаши керак бўлади.


Robert L.Sexton “Exploring Economics”
Chapter 9: Public Sector and Public Choice
9.1 Other Functions of Government
In a market economy, private individuals and firms own most of the resources. They have the right to use these goods in the way they, not someone else, sees fit. These rights are called property rights.
If well-defined, property rights give individuals the incentive to use their property efficiently--to maintain, improve, and conserve their property to preserve or increase its value.
Markets need umpires. The government plays this role when it defines and protects the rights of people and their property through the legal system and police protection, making markets work more efficiently. Political institutions have become the major instrument for defining and enforcing property rights.
Property rights also include intellectual property, as with patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
In the News: Song Swapping on the Net
In short, well-defined property rights encourage investment, innovation, exchange, conservation, and economic growth.
Another justification for government intervention is to correct cases of insufficient competition in the marketplace. (example—antitrust)
Some argue that the market distribution of income may produce disparities that violate a common sense of equity or fairness and the government should intervene to reduce income inequality. Others argue that high incomes are the result of hard work and greater skills, where higher taxes designed to redistribute income reduce incentives to work hard, save and invest. How much redistribution to pursue is a normative decision—economists can estimate the benefits and cost, but society must decide.
Government redistribution occurs in three major ways: taxes, subsidies and transfer payments.
In addition to being one of the primary ways that the government finances its activities, taxes are an important tool for redistributing income. Progressive taxes, such as the federal income tax, take a higher percentage of higher incomes, helping reduce income disparities.
Governments also help the less affluent by providing low-cost public services (examples include public housing, transit, education, parks).
Governments also redistribute income through direct cash and non-cash transfers.