501 Critical Reading Questions



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501 critical reading questions

issued by the United
States Surgeon General. It discusses the inspiration behind the report and
the report’s effect on public attitudes toward smoking.
No single issue has preoccupied the Surgeons General of the past four
decades more than smoking. The reports of the Surgeon General have
alerted the nation to the health risk of smoking, and have transformed
the issue from one of individual and consumer choice, to one of epi-
demiology, public health, and risk for smokers and non-smokers alike.
Debate over the hazards and benefits of smoking has divided physi-
cians,  scientists,  governments,  smokers,  and  non-smokers  since
Tobacco nicotiana
was first imported to Europe from its native soil in the
Americas  in  the  sixteenth  century.  A  dramatic  increase  in  cigarette
smoking  in  the  United  States  in  the  twentieth  century  called  forth
anti-smoking  movements.  Reformers,  hygienists,  and  public  health
officials argued that smoking brought about general malaise, physio-
logical malfunction, and a decline in mental and physical efficiency.
Evidence of the ill effects of smoking accumulated during the 1930s,
1940s, and 1950s.
Epidemiologists  used  statistics  and  large-scale,  long-term,  case-
control surveys to link the increase in lung cancer mortality to smok-
ing.  Pathologists  and  laboratory  scientists  confirmed  the  statistical
relationship of smoking to lung cancer as well as to other serious dis-
eases,  such  as  bronchitis,  emphysema,  and  coronary  heart  disease.
Smoking, these studies suggested, and not air pollution, asbestos con-
tamination, or radioactive materials, was the chief cause of the epi-
demic rise of lung cancer in the twentieth century. On June 12, 1957,
Surgeon General Leroy E. Burney declared it the official position of
the U.S. Public Health Service that the evidence pointed to a causal
relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
The impulse for an official report on smoking and health, however,
came from an alliance of prominent private health organizations. In
June 1961, the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Asso-
ciation, the National Tuberculosis Association, and the American Pub-
lic Health Association addressed a letter to President John F. Kennedy,
in which they called for a national commission on smoking, dedicated
to “seeking a solution to this health problem that would interfere least
with the freedom of industry or the happiness of individuals.” The
Kennedy administration responded the following year, after prompt-
ing from a widely circulated critical study on cigarette smoking by the
501

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