5 Preface Executive Summary

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93 Souza, Roberts, and Cochrane 2005. Combining spectral and spatial information to map canopy damage from selective logging and forest fires. Remote Sensing of Environment 98: 329-343; GOFC-GOLD 2008.

94 Ibid. For reference, a complete list and description of the many sensors in use can be found at the following web address: http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/sensor/cfsensor.html.

95 Gibbs et al. 2007.

96 GOFC-GOLD 2008.

97 Ibid.

98 Gibbs et al. 2007.

99 IPCC 2006. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, forestry and other land use. Available at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

100 GOFC-GOLD 2008.

101 For a discussion on the debate on how to best define ‘degradation’ see GOFC-GOLD 2008. In this document, we use the general definition that degradation is any reduction in the carbon content of a forest area that does not qualify as deforestation.

102 Vietnam R-PIN to the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility 2008. Available at http://wbcarbonfinance.org/ Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht=42503&dl=1

103 Gibbs et al. 2007.

104 Souza et al. 2005.

105 Souza et al. 2005.

106 SGS United Kingdom Ltd. 2005. Validation and verification report: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project.

107 Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project 2006. Project Design Document. Available at http:// conserveonline.org/workspaces/climate.change/ClimateActionProjects/NoelKempff/NKPDD/PDDZip/

108 Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project 2008. Project Design Document Version 5.0. Available at http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/.

109 GOFC-GOLD 2008.

110 Juma Reserve Project 2008.

111 Ibid.

112 Haeusler and Gomez 2008. REDD Pilot Project COMIFAC: Cameroon. Presentation to REDD-COMIFAC meeting, Paris, March 2008. Available at www.cbfp.org/docs/redd-paris032008/12%20-%20Haeusler %20REDD%20Pilot%20Cameroon.pdf

113 Souza et al. 2005.

114 Presentation by James Peters of Winrock International given to workshop “Managing Forests in Mekong Countries for Carbon Sequestration and REDD” in Hanoi, October 28, 2008. Available from Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.Error! Hyperlink reference not valid._MARD_Uniquest.pdf.

115 Souza et al. 2005.

116 This is the concept of “model over-fitting.” An in-depth discussion of this statistical issue would be out of place in this document. As a general caution, a model can always be made to fit historical data well if a sufficient number of parameters are included. However, a good fit of historical data does not necessarily mean good predictive ability in the future. Models, although useful, should therefore always be used with caution and cross-checked with other methods.

117 Discussed in Chapter 3 of this document and described in detail in Appendix 1. Full methodology available from Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.

118 Land use and forest cover in Lao PDR. Presentation by Lao delegation at ‘Managing forests in Mekong countries for carbon sequestration and REDD’ workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam, November 2008.

119 Lao PDR R-PIN to the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility 2008. Available from http://wbcarbonfinance.org/ Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht=42503&dl=1

120 Feldkotter (GTZ). Use of remote sensing for monitoring of logging in the Mekong region – the Nam Theun logging surveys.

121 Nepal R-PIN to the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility 2008. Available at http://wbcarbonfinance.org/ Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht=42503&dl=1

122 Sharma 2003. Monitoring forest resources using remote sensing data. Nepal Department of Forest Research and Survey. Available at www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2002/Papers/FR02-8.pdf.

123 Vietnam R-PIN 2008.

124 For a useful overview and comparison of the various REDD proposals currently being discussed, see Global Canopy Programme 2008. The Little REDD Book. Available at http://www.globalcanopy.org/ main.php? m=5& sm=24&ssm=65&sssm=147.

125 EcoSecurities 2008. REDD Policy Scenarios and Carbon Markets. Final draft February 2008. Document prepared for Indonesian Forest Carbon Alliance (IFCA).

126 Peskett, L. Huberman, D, Bowen Jones, E, Edwards, G and Brown, J (2008), Making REDD work for the poor Draft 2 on behalf of the poverty and environment partnership, ODI, London

127 Peskett, L. Huberman, D, Bowen Jones, E, Edwards, G and Brown, J (2008), Making REDD work for the poor Draft 2 on behalf of the poverty and environment partnership, ODI, London

128 Bali Declaration: Protecting the world's forests needs more than just money, 10/Dec/07

129 Peskett, L. Huberman, D, Bowen Jones, E, Edwards, G and Brown, J (2008), Making REDD work for the poor Draft 2 on behalf of the poverty and environment partnership, ODI, London

130 Peskett, L. Huberman, D, Bowen Jones, E, Edwards, G and Brown, J (2008), Making REDD work for the poor Draft 2 on behalf of the poverty and environment partnership, ODI, London

131 ibid

132 The Government of Lao PDR (2005),The Forest Strategy 2020, The Government of Lao PDR, Vientiane

133 Ibid

134 The Government of Lao PDR (2005),The Forest Strategy 2020, The Government of Lao PDR, Vientiane

135 ibid

136 The Forestry Law Art. 5

137 The Government of Lao PDR (2005),The Forest Strategy 2020, The Government of Lao PDR, Vientiane

138 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Lao PDR (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

139 The Government of Lao PDR (2005),The Forest Strategy 2020, The Government of Lao PDR, Vientiane

140 ibid

141 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Lao PDR (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

142 ibid

143 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Lao PDR (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

144 See http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/southeast-asia/laos

145 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Nepal (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

146 ibid

147 http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Nepal.htm

148 Department of Forestry (2006), management information system, Department of Forestry, Kathmandu

149 See http://www.fao.org/forestry/18308/en/npl/

150 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

151 ibid

152 ibid

153 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

154 ibid

155 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

156 ibid

157 Meyfroidt, P and Lambin, E.F (2008), Forest transition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts, Global Change Biology 14, 1–18,

158 World Bank (2005) Vietnam Environmental Monitor – Biodiversity, World Bank, Washington DC

159 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

160 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

161 World Bank (2005) Vietnam Environmental Monitor – Biodiversity, World Bank, Washington DC

162 ibid

163 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

164 ibid

165 ibid

166 The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) for Vietnam (see http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=FCPF&FID=34267&ItemID=34267&ft=DocLib&ht= 42503& dl=1

167 ibid

168 World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. www.carbonfinance.org.

169 Porter, G., Bird, N., Kaur, N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 34.

170 First Countries Named to Benefit from Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. A World Bank press release. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21846447~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html.

171 Porter, G., Bird, N., Kaur, N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 28.

172 Forest Carbon Partnership Fund. www.carbonfinance.org.

173 Gardner, T. “UN launches program to cut deforestation emissions” Reuters online. http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE48N91C20080924.

174 UN REDD: A collaborative programme of UN agencies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation to support developing countries. A FAO-UNDP-UNEP Presentation. Jun 2008. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/080627_fao01_japan.pdf.

175 ibid.

176 ibid.

177 Personal conversation with Tim Boyle, UN-REDD Consultant. 7 Oct 2008.

178 About GEF. Global Environment Facility. Website. http://www.gefweb.org/interior.aspx?id=44.

179 Ibid.

180 Climate Change. Global Environment Facility. Website. http://www.gefweb.org/interior.aspx?id=232.

181 Porter G., Bird, N., Kaur N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 29.

182 Porter G., Bird, N., Kaur N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 42.

183 Asian Development Bank. Carbon Market Initiative. www.adb.org/clean-energy.

184 Porter G., Bird, N., Kaur N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 27.

185 International Forest Carbon Initiative. Government of Australia Department of Climate Change. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html.

186 Porter, G., Bird, N., Kaur, N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 27.

187 ibid

188 Dutschke, M. First Steps in REDD CBFORM – Capacity Building for Forestry. Presentation at Seminar on Capitalizing Forestry and Climate Change in Malaysia. 11 Aug 2008.

189 Porter, G., Bird, N., Kaur, N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 21.

190 Personal conversation with Ms. Thea Marine Ottman, First Secretary, Norwegian Embassy in Vietnam. 7 Oct 2008.

191 Porter, G., Bird, N., Kaur, N., and Peskett, L. New Finance for Climate Change and the Environment. WWF and Heinrich Böll Foundation. Jul 2008, p. 23.

192 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Website. http://www.iges.or.jp/en/outline/index.html.

193 Japan-Asia REDD Seminar. http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/activity_20080324reed.html.

194 ITTO Workshop on methodological issues related to REDD - Tokyo, 25-27 June 2008. unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/080627_itto_japan.pdf.

195 Forests and Forestry. ICIMOD website. http://www.icimod.org/?page=80.

196 Nepal R-PIN. World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Fund. www.carbonfinance.org.

197 Forests and Climate Change. RECOTFC website. http://www.recoftc.org/site/index.php?id=682.

198 McWilliam, R. Reducing deforestation: Lao PDR and carbon trading. WWF website. 08 Jun 2008. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/laos/index.cfm?uNewsID=136381.