4 semestr 2021-2022 o‘quv yili

particular
 
country
. 
3)
A 
country
 
ruled
 
by
 
a
 
king
 
or
 
queen
. 
4)
A 
small
 
black
 
and
 
white
 
North
 
American
 
animal
 which 
produces
 
a
 
bad
 
smell
 
when
 
it
 
is
 
threatened. 
5)
The
 
substance
 
on
 
the
 
surface
 
of
 
the
 
Earth
 
in
 
which
 
plants
 
grow
. 
6)
A 
type
 
of
 
government
 
in
 
which
 
a
 
country
 
is
 
ruled
 
by
 
a
 
king
 
or
 a 
queen
.
 
7)
The capital of Canada.
8)
The
 
art
, 
buildings
, 
traditions
, 
and
 
beliefs
 
that
 
a
 
society
 
considers
 
important
 
to
 
its
 
history
 
and
 
culture
. 
9)
 
All
 
the
 
people
 
who
 
live
 
in
 
a
 
particular
 
area
. 
10)
 
 
To
 
use
 
something
. 
11)
A 
large
 
group
 
of
 
related
 
families
 
who
 
live
 
in
 
the
 
same
 
area
 
and
 
share
 
a
 
common
 
language
, 
religion
, 
and
 
customs
. 
12)
 
 
Rock
 
or
 
earth
 
from
 
which
 
metal
 
can
 
be
 
obtained
.
 
 
Подсказки: 
1)
Полушарие. 
2)
Валюта. 
3)
Государство. 
4)
Скунс. 
5)
Почва. 
6)
 
Монархия.
 
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170 
7)
Столица Канады
. 
8)
Наследие. 
9)
Население. 
10)
Использовать. 
11)
Племя. 
12)
Руда.
Keys 
1
H
2
C
3
R 
E 
A 
L 
M 
4
S 
K 
U 
N 
K 
M 
R 
5
S 
O 
I 
L 
6
M
 
7
O
N 
A 
R 
C
 
8
H Y 
S 
T
E 
E 
9
P 
O 
P 
U 
L 
A
 
T
I 
O 
N 
R 
10
U
H 
A
C 
I 
T 
E 
W
Y 
11
T R 
I 
B 
E 
12
O R 
E 
A
A 
L 
E 
G 
I 
E 
Z 
E 
Grammar: Infinitive 
We use the 
to
-infinitive: 
• to express 
purpose
(to answer "Why...?"): 
He bought some flowers 
to give
to his wife. 
He locked the door 
to keep 
everyone out. 
We sometimes say 
in order to 
or 
in order not to
: 
We set off early 
in order to
avoid the traffic. 
They spoke quietly 
in order not to
wake the children 
… or we can say 
so as to 
or 
so as not to
: 
We set off early 
so as to
avoid the traffic. 
They spoke quietly 
so as not to
wake the children. 
• after 
certain verbs 
(see 
verbs followed by infinitive
), particularly verbs 
of 
thinking 
and 
feeling
: 
choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, 
love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love
… and verbs of 
saying
: 
agree, promise, refuse
They 
decided to
start a business together. 
Remember to 
turn the lights out. 
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171 
Some verbs are followed by a 
direct object
and the infinitive(
see verbs followed by infinitive
): 
advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, 
expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like
She 
reminded
me 
to 
turn the lights out. 
He 
encouraged
his friends 
to vote 
for him. 
• after certain 
adjectives
. 
Sometimes the 
to
-infinitive gives a 
reason 
for the adjective: 

disappointed 

glad 

sad 

happy 

anxious 

pleased 

surprised 

proud 

unhappy 
We were 
happy to come 
to the end of our journey 
= We were happy because we had come to the end of our journey 
John was 
surprised to see 
me 
= He was surprised because he saw me 
Other adjectives 
with the 
to
-infinitive are: 

able 

unable 

due 

eager 

keen 

likely 

unlikely 

ready 

prepared 

unwilling 

willing 
Unfortunately I was 
unable to work 
for over a week. 
I am really tired. I’m 
ready to go 
to bed. 
We often use the 
to
-infinitive with these adjectives after it to 
give opinions
: 

difficult 

easy 

possible 

impossible 

hard 

right 

wrong 

kind 

nice 

clever 

silly 

foolish 
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172 
It’s 
easy to play 
the piano, but it’s very 
difficult to play 
well. 
He spoke so quickly it was 
impossible to understand 
him. 
We use the preposition 
for 
to show who these adjectives refer to: 

difficult 

easy 

possible 

impossible 

hard 
It was 
difficult 
for us 
to hear 
what she was saying. 
It is 
easy 
for you 
to criticise 
other people. 
We use the preposition 
of 
with other adjectives: 
It’s 
kind of you
to help. 
It would be 
silly of him 
to spend all his money. 
• As a 
postmodifier 
(see 
noun phrases
) after abstract nouns like: 

ability 

desire 

need 

wish 

attempt 

failure 

opportunity 

chance 

intention 
I have no desire 
to be rich
. 
They gave him an opportunity 
to escape
. 
She was annoyed by her failure 
to answer the question correctly
. 
• We often use a 
to
-infinitive as a postmodifier after an indefinite pronoun (See 
indefinite 
pronouns
): 
When I am travelling I always take 
something 
to read. 
I was all alone. I had 
no one 
to talk to. 
There is hardly 
anything 
to do in most of these small towns. 
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173 
ENJOY 
LOVE 
SUGGEST 
IMAGINE 
HATE 
POSTPONE 
RECOMMEND 
FINISH 
FAIL 
WANT 
DECIDE 
AGREE 
WISH 
HOPE 
HELP 
WARN 
REFUSE 
DEMAND 
PLAN 
CHOOSE 
INVITE 
ASK 
LEARN 
PREPARE 
AVOID 
RESIST 
DELAY 
LIKE 
REGRET 
INVOLVE 
HESITATE 
OFFER 
PERSUADE 
TELL 
WOULD LIKE/ 
PREFER 
GO 
VERBS FOLLOWED BY 
VERBS FOLLOWED BY 
FANCY 
DON’T LIKE 
MIND 
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174 
 
Education in Canada 
The school system of Canada is very much like the one in the USA, but there are certain 
differences. 
Gerunds and Infinitives act like verbs. They can follow adjectives and 
other verbs. Gerunds can also follow prepositions
.
Verbs which are usually followed by a Gerund: 
acknowledge, admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, 
avoid, celebrate, confess, contemplate, delay, deny, 
describe, detest, discuss, dislike, dread, endure, 
enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, keep, justify, 
mention, mind, miss, omit, postpone, practise, quit, 
recall, recommend, regret, report, resume, risk, 
suggest, tolerate, understand. 
Verbs which are usually followed by an infinitive: 
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, 
choose, claim, come, consent, dare, decide, demand, 
deserve, determine, elect, expect, fail, get, hate, help, 
hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, mean, 
need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, 
resolve, say, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish. 
COMPLETE WITH A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE 
1.- She agreed ………………….. (pay) the electricity bill the following week. 
2.-Hector dislikes ……………… (go) to the opera. 
3.-Martin admitted ………………. (steal) the money from the safe. 
4.-Elizabeth didn’t need ………….. (do) the final exams. 
5.-I regretted ……………… (forget) to call my grandfather for his birthday. 
6.-Your aunt wished …………. (visit) Australia in Summer. 
7.-Please, avoid ………………… (touch) the wires with wet hands. 
8.-Your friend seems ……………. (be) very busy today. 
9.-We suggested ………………… (sell) our apartment at the seaside. 
10.-She postponed ………………… (make) a decision for the new shop. 
11.-Excuse me, do you mind ………… (clean) the table, please! 
12.-It was difficult to climb up the mountain but we kept ……….(go)
13.-I’m amazed because you didn’t hesitate ………… (accept) that job. 
14.-The policeman pretended …………. (keep) my identity card. 
15.- Robert denied …………… (kidnap) the child. 
16.- The car is too expensive so I can’t afford ………….. (buy) it. 
17.-Sonia didn’t tolerate …………………. (share) the bedroom with John. 
18.-The couple chose ………….(spend) their honeymoon in Canada. 
19.-You hate …………… (wait) for your girlfriend. 
20.-Barbara celebrated ……………….. (win) the TV contest. 
21.- George’s father learnt ……………… (play) the guitar in five years. 
22.-Miriam omitted ……………..(invite) her old university colleagues. 
23.-My aunt claimed …………… (be) the owner of the red suitcase. 
24.-Tina pretended …………….. (borrow) my computer. 
25.-All my friends wanted ………….. (go) to the zoo in the afternoon. 
26.- The French tourist asked me how ……….. (get) to the post office. 
27.-My neighbour enjoys ……….. (collect) stamps and coins. 
28.- It was late so we hurried ……………. (catch) the last bus. 
29.-Does she know what ………… (do) in case of a fire? 
30.-I’d like ………………. (fly) to the Moon soon. 
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175 
Education in Canada is general and compulsory for children from 6 to 16 years old, and in some 
provinces — to 14. It is within the competence of the local authorities, and therefore it may 
differ from province to province. For example, Newfoundland has an 11-grade system. Some 
other provinces have 12-grade systems, and Ontario has even a 13-grade system. Grades 1—6 
are usually elementary schools, and grades 7—12 are secondary schools. 
In some provinces there is a kindergarten year before the first grade. Elementary education is 
general and basic, but in the junior high school years the students can select some courses. 
Most secondary schools provide programmes for all types of students. Some of them prepare 
students for continuing their studies at the university. Vocational schools are separate institutions 
for those who will not continue their education after secondary schools. There also exist some 
commercial high schools. Some provinces have private kindergartens and nursery schools for 
children of pre-elementary age. There also exist Roman Catholic schools and private schools in 
some provinces. In most provinces private schools receive some form of public support. 
Admission to the university in Canada is after high school with specific courses. Getting a 
degree in law, medicine, dentistry or engineering usually takes 3—4 years of studying. 
University tuition fees vary among different provinces. All provinces also have public non-
university institutions. They are regional colleges, institutes of technology, institutes of applied 
arts, colleges of agricultural technology and others. Criteria for admission to these institutions 
are less strict.