4-5 June 2013 Proceedings Science Book Publishing House Yelm, wa, usa

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Dynamics of urea (мМ) in the blood pouring

in terms of recovering from training day

Examinees	Original content	After 1.5 h after the last exercise	After 5 h after the last exercise	The next morning,
1	5,7	8,3	8,3	7,0
2	6,7	9,2	7,5	5,0
3	5,7	8,3	6,7	6,7
4	5,3	8,3	8,3	5,8
5	6,3	8,3	10,3	7,5
6	5,0	7,5	6,7	5,3
7	7,0	9,2	9,2	7,5
8	6,8	9,5	8,8	7,5
9	5,8	9,5	10,9	7,8

As can be seen from the table, almost all athletes urea increases substantially through 1.5 h after exertion. Period of rest (after 5 h.) the athlete (No. 6) remains elevated. The other (No. 4), there has been a reduction. The next day all the athletes declining levels of urea. However, only 3 players he comes close to the reference values shall be, others-remains high.

So the different dynamics of urea in the blood of athletes surveyed showed varying speeds recovery processes of biochemical processes in the body.

These data allow us to address the issue of training process individually for each athlete.

Literature

Nazarenko, A.A. Kishkin. Clinical evaluation of the results of laboratory research. – M.: Medicine, 2006.
Makarova G.A. Practical guide for sports doctors. . -Rostov-na-Donu: BAROPress, 2000.

SECTION 3. Engineering

TILLAGE MACHINES WITH ACTIVE WORKING BODY

E. B. Isgenderov

Doctor of Technical Sciences

Azerbaijan State Agrarian University, Ganja, Azerbaijan isgenderzadeh@rambler.ru
Tillage machines with active working parts has been compared with machines which have passive working parts with several more reserve increase engine power. This is due to the fact that most of the required power is expended through the PTO and rotational ITATION machines which create a pushing force. According to a statement of G.N.Sineokova [1] the consumption of power consists from power of milling connected with four-res of the tractor and pulling power expended in overcoming the resistance of rolling bearing wheels and drag knife cutting drum. Power to the milling is the sum spent on cutting soil N₁, N₂ working up to it and to overcome friction in the mechanism of the drive. The power requirement for cutting the soil is determined by the following formula [2]:

N = (2 - _п)(N₁ + N₂) + / 75(µ_kQ_г R_x), (1)

where _п - efficiency Transmission;

µ_k - the coefficient of rolling wheels or Polozkov cutters;

Q_г - vertical load on the jockey wheel cutters;

R_x - the horizontal component of the resistance cutter knife.

“+” matches the direction of rotation of the "bottom-up", while “-” "top-down". Consequently, the direction of rotation of the "top-down" N_ef does not increase but reduces traction resistance cutters. In the formula (1), the first addendum is equal to the engine output N_ef required to drive the cutter soil through the PTO, and the second one the part of traction power on the tractor’s hinge, i.e:

(2)
The opposition of the rotary tillage machines can be determined from the following formula:

R = P_kp  µ Q_z R_x (3)

The value of power consumed for cutting soil has a linear dependence from the translation. Power needed to drop soil depends on the speed’s cube, i.e.

N₁ = A; N₂ = D³, (4)

where A и D - proportionality factors determined by the width of capture, depth of tillage, efficiency transmission, resistivity, respectively, cutting blades and discarding the soil, in addition depends on the ratio of the bulk density of the soil and the relationship of cutting speed to the translational velocity of the unit. If to denote

A = (2 - _п)A ; D = (2 - _п)D and

(5)

it can be expressed as:

(6)
and according to [3]
C = N_e - A - D³ or

(7)
Thus obtained partial third-degree equation, the roots of which can be determined by Cardan’s formula [4]:

(8)

Since

equation (7) has one actual and two conjugate complex roots.

Depending on the optimum speed performance of the unit is defined by the following equation:

(9)

Therefore, depending on the speed productivity of tillage aggregate increases linearly, which can significantly increase the capacity in comparison with the tractor units having passive working parts. Besides, the active work of the direction of rotation of the "top-down» Rx does not increase, and reduces pull resistance, thereby increasing productivity.

Bibliography

1. Sineokov G.N. Designing tillers / "Mechanical engineering". – M., 1995.

2. Agabeyli T.A. Isgenderov E.B. Innovative technologies for mining and farming plains of the country. – Baku, Elm, 2010, 184 p.

3. Isgenderov E.B. On the study of technologies and techniques combined-tion tillage "Agromehanika." V.XVI. – Ganja. 2006.

4. Isgenderov E.B. Technology and equipment for primary tillage. – Baku, "Elm". 2010

SECTION 4. Historical Sciences

SYSTEM-SUBJECT APPROACH

TO ARCHIVAL HERITAGE REPRESENTATION

L. G. Tupchiienko-Kadyrova

Kirovograd faculty of Kyiv National university of culture and arts

Kirovograd, Ukraine, kadyrovalg@mail.ru; kadyrovalg@gmail.com
Well known system approach is based on the postulate that the object of study should be regarded as a system, a set of interrelated (horizontally and vertically) elements. It involves the study of systems’ dynamics and arrangement of the acquired knowledge according to a certain system [1, p. 70–75]. For example, dynamics is a subject matter of history science. Every branch of learning structures the obtained knowledge and arranges it in a system in the processes of modeling, describing and/or designating the content by search characteristics.

Relevance of the systems approach stems from the fact that it offers knowledge synthesis instead of its differentiation. And many historians assume that history crisis can be overcome by means of origination, development and co-existence of different methodological approaches to historical reality studies [2, p. 3–5]. As one of the solutions to the problem we propose systematic approach to study and representation of archival heritage. It includes elements of archive science, source study, textology, document science, structural, bibliographic and cultural analysis and synthesis. Let us take a brief look at it.

The object-matter of archive science is preservation and notification of the existence of documents, of their content and storage location. For search and reference tools one selects historical facts and themes, persons, institutions and organizations, geographic areas. In this way the documents are introduced into source studies use.

But in the study of personal funds of public figures of science, art, etc., archival directories do not reflect the events of their personal and domestic life, important manifestations of their creative life (for example, creation and performance of works), characteristics and assessments of events, people, works.

Source study is aimed at eliciting all the facts that are contained in a source and correlating them with the context: with other documents, historical research, with information and cultural environment as a whole, in which these documents have originated and existed, with modern knowledge. Source analysis introduces documents into scientific use.

When sources are published for information use (we refer to their availability in information networks), keywords (KW) are usually singled out as formal search characteristics. But they represent the content of the whole article by 5–7 objects-themes, including the names of branches of learning. The content can also be identified by UDC indices, but in electronic catalogs indices cannot be yet used for search purposes, since the Alphabetical Subject Index search is not realized [3].

But the content of a particular source and comments to it do not always fit into the overall search image of a document formed by UDC, KW, a General scheme of systematization, in which the "subject and-branch principle of classification of documentary information" [4] is realized.

Bibliographic description of the sources also includes only a summary of the content, and data on their physical medium and storage location. One defines and records the author, title / subject, creation date, data on physical media (material, size), originality, number of units (for example, leaves), place of storage (archive, fund, file/storage unit, leaf/leaves of the source location). Abstract and subject headings also contain the same summary data.

The textual analysis demands to connect studied texts with sociohistorical and cultural events.

This brings up the question of introducing into information use a larger quantity of search characteristics, related to the specific content of documents. Separate search characteristics by subject that are singled out now, represent a generalized image of a document/source or a group of them. They should be supplemented by a system of subject matters related to a certain branch of learning. At this one should proceed from modeling the context of occurrence of the events that were later recorded in the source documents. In our opinion, there are no universal models for all the documentary complexes. For a documentary complex of a composer, such context would be a model of musical culture (MC) of the relevant time period, and of a spatial location.

For the middle and the 2nd half of the twentieth century, we can propose such additional characteristics for content designation [5], proceeding from the model of the MC as a whole (here we list the aspects that can be specified for each document).

The main objects: musical compositions as combinations of content (emotional states and processes, willful cravings, artistic musical thoughts, visual images of real events) and forms (the system of musical sounds). Additional objects: genres, styles and traditions that combine content and musical form of a specific ethnic group in a given period of time.

The main subjects: author (composer), performing musician and listener. Additional subjects: distributors and promoters of music, musicologists, educators, and organizers of musical activity. Between the subjects, for example, of correspondence, we can establish such levels of relations: family, interpersonal, professional, creative, official, public, business and record keeping. Functional criterion forms the basis for separation in: pursuing relations (on the family, interpersonal, public, official levels), participation in the process (creative, business, record keeping), maintaining relationships or participation in the process (professional level).

The basic processes of musical activity: creation (of a composition or other object), performance and hearing-perception. Additional processes: music dissemination and promotion; scientific research and criticism (musicology), including its assessment; staff training (education), history.

Ethnic characteristics are associated with a person, work content and affiliation, for example, of a poetic component of the work to a particular nation culture.

Geographical characteristics (area indication) may be associated with the subject and systematically expanded, and here one defines: places of residence, places of temporary stay, of visits; places associated with correspondence (of its sending and receiving, referred to in the text); places associated with the works content, with their performance and staging operas.

This information is necessary for conducting further search for documents that could have “settled down” in these areas.

Assessments of the subject, object and the investigated process are connected with attitude and its substantiation to a person, organization, piece of work, processes of performance and hearing, etc.

Organizational and management structure includes: legal framework, state authorities and institutions, governmental and public organizations. There are specialized institutions for each process that takes place in the musical culture. Pieces of music could have been created at home or in specialized homes for composers. They were performed music in concert halls, Philharmonic, Opera and Ballet Theatres, clubs, recording studios, etc. Dissemination and promotion of music was realized through publishing houses, lectures, and other media (television and radio). Scientific studies were carried out by research and educational institutions. Personnel were trained in music schools, colleges, conservatories and arts institutions, at graduate school, etc.

In addition, MC and accompanying documents did not exist apart from society, therefore it deems important to single out not only the events of creative and professional life, but the events of personal life as well.

These additional search characteristics are linked to specific events from documents texts. Our version of the method of structuring document information contained in a source lies in dividing a text into separate fragments – information mini-messages, which can be designated by potentially relevant search characteristics – structural elements (SE). In contrast to defining the content by subject headings, which designate the text of a document as a whole or some themes of a document, structural analysis divides the whole text into semantically meaningful fragments (words, phrases, sentences, and their groups). Simultaneously, structural analysis allows tracing the available specifics, and specifics in SE composition in various types of documents.

In contrast to existing formal methods of structuring and synthesis of natural texts [1], our version does not imply a replacement of human intellectual work by any formal procedure. Aspects of musical culture and their detailed elaboration may be included into an automated synthetic (integrated) description of a source, but selection of significant meaningful messages is realized by a man on the basis of his experience and intuition. Especially if we take into consideration the fact that each document/source is unique in many ways, and in one or several respects it does not coincide with the others in its meaning.

Structural analysis may precede other types of analysis so as to get more accurate definitions of KWs , subject headings, annotations, UDC index, article titles, and other characteristics.

Thus, it is documentary information, and not information about the document/source that is introduced into information use, and it comes into information environment in a more structured way. This will allow conducting search more accurately and in many aspects, and the information itself may become much more available for use in other studies.

Literature

Овчинников В. Г. Методологическое введение в информатику / В. Г. Овчинников. – М. : Компания Спутник+, 2004. – 216 с.;
Ерохина Н. А. Синергетика как методологическая основа исторического исследования (Историографический анализ) : дис. ... канд. ист. наук : 07.00.09 / Ерохина Н. А. – Екатеринбург, 2004 – 311 c.
Сукиасян Э. Р. «Предметный вход» в электронный каталог. Как повысить эффективность поисковых процедур / Сукиасян Э. Р. // Науч. и техн. б-ки. – 2004. – № 2. – С. 31–41.
Схема класифікації документної інформації в систематичних каталогах державних архівів України / Л. Андрієвська, В. Бездрабко, С. Зворський, К. Климова, С. Лозова, Н. Павловська, Н. Христова (керівник). URL: www.archives.gov.ua/Publicat/Studii/Shema-klasificacii_2004.rtf.
Сохор, А. Н. Музыка : [статья] / А.Н. Сохор // Муз. энциклопедия : [в 6 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. В. Келдыш. – М. : Сов. энциклопедия, 1976. – Т. 3. – Ст. 730–751.

Section 5. Economics

Interaction of logistics and marketing

in the concept

of «Requirements/resource Planning»

Yuriy N. Egorov

The doctor of economic sciences of Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, rabida@yandex.ru

One of the most popular in the world of logistics concepts to optimize the costs associated with the movement of material flows, is the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» (RP), appeared in the Western economy in the 1960s. This concept links together the planning needs of the product with its resource provision in the manufacture, procurement and warehousing. The main purpose of the concept consists in the optimization of logistics processes and, above all, the amount of insurance reserves of raw materials for the production campaign and finished products for the related sales organization.

In the conceptual realm RP is a creative development of the ideas of the basic logistic concept of JIT (Just-in-Time), according to which all commercial processes in the commercial chain must be agreed in volumes and time.

The concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» is the managment related procedures in accordance with logistics regulations, to transfer the production schedule in the «chain requirements», which are coordinated in time, and planned coverage of these requirements for each stock unit components necessary for the implementation schedule. The concept involves the changing requirements of the adjustment of the production schedule, or the structure of reserves, or characteristics of the product.

The objectives of Requirements/resource Planning include reducing stocks, effective satisfaction of consumer demand, maintaining a high quality of services, coordination of the delivery schedule and activities for the production and procurement. These goals can be achieved simultaneously, that is the advantage of this concept and of the coordination of the various administrative units of the organization, in particular, logistics, marketing and planning. In other words, the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» aims at ensuring the optimal utilization of production capacities and purchase exactly such quantity of raw materials needed by the current plan of orders, aimed at meeting the specific consumer demand, and that it is possible to process the corresponding cycle of production.

Planning of the current replenishment allows to unload warehouses of raw materials and components (buy them exactly to the extent that you can handle in one production cycle and go directly to the production), as well as the stocks of finished products (production is in strict accordance with the adopted plan orders, and products related to the current order, must be made exactly to the date of his execution (shipment).

The main objectives of the concept are:

• establishing the relationship between the production capacity of the organization and current needs in products dictated by the state of consumer demand;

• maintenance of low level of supplies of material resources, work in process, finished products;

• planning of production operations, delivery schedules, procurement operations.

In the process of implementation of these goals is RSS planned quantities of material resources and reserves of products on the planned term. The system first determines, in what terms and how many it is necessary to produce the final product. Then shall determine the time and the required quantity of material resources for the fulfillment of the production schedule. The entrance of this system are the orders of consumers, underpinned by forecasts of demand for finished products, which are incorporated in the production schedule (graphics finished products). Thus, for the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» is the main consumer demand. Is the concept at the level of individual commercial organizations and their associations.

Implementation of the logistics concept of «Requirements / resource Planning» starts with the definition of planning sales (1). This work is carried out on the basis of orders of consumers, underpinned by forecasts of distributors. Sales planning is carried out for the calendar year and starts in about 3-4 months before. Final sales plan approved by the head of economic management (management of the organization) in about 20-25 days before the beginning of the calendar planned.

As a rule, forecasts sales subdivisions (distributors) are very approximate, despite the fact that they work directly with clients coming from the current needs and trends that are already on the market, without considering the dynamic processes. Consumers slopes to do the orders immediately before the acquisition of products on the basis of already existing by this time range so that does not leave for planners large planning horizon. In these conditions, of importance is the work of marketing, on the one hand, conduct the examination forecast distributors, and with another - to make up his own forecast on the basis of the understanding of the trends of development of assortment (so marketers include in their plans for new products) and competition monitoring, both existing and potential. If your organization work marketers put formally reduced to the simplest price and advertising manipulation, as is the case in most modern Russian organizations, and sales forecasts are very approximate, that complicates the further realization of our concept.

Sales planning is also based on statistics from previous years. Thus, logistics solutions within the framework of realization of the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» depend largely on the state statistical service, the degree of reliability of its data. The more the data on previous years (sometimes used horizon of up to 10 years), the more accurate the forecast sales. During the processing of the statistical data used special methods: moving average, methods, probability theory, etc.

In case of absence of statistics (for example, when opening a trading company, work on a new market with new customers, changes in the terms of competition) work marketers becomes even more important. In this case, the marketer must accurately calculate the capacity of the market, its expected dynamics (volume and structure) and market shares of competitors. The probability of errors should be minimized.

Often the statistics may be unreliable. Actual sales do not always match the actual demand. The difference manifests itself in the movement of stock. For example, given the shortage of reserves, delays in delivery of products etc., the actual sales will be less than the available demand for the product. Also on the actual sale of influence promotions competitors, because they held him back in the specific period of time - from the statistics can show fluctuations in sales, not related to the seasonality factor. Such information statistics hide, and marketing expertise takes into account in the process of adjustment of the sales plans. Ultimately marketer must be able to explain the existing fluctuations of sales and identify the fundamental laws - is the marketing of products on the rise or decline (and in any rate) and how long it will last. Plan the distribution difficult given the extensive assortment (in holding structures - up to several thousand items). Even in newspaper kiosks or bread bench we detects up to a hundred kinds of products. To facilitate and streamline the planning of sales is used the principle of grouping of the range listed in considering a strategy of diversification.

Products can be grouped according to various criteria. One of the universal and common methods of analysis of the assortment on the degree of importance products is the method of the ABC-analysis, which is based on the so-called Pareto principle, proceeds from the fact that 20% of the products provides 80% of the result.

Method ABC-analysis allows to define the priority position in the range, select outsiders process and show that this is the priority and that the basic assortment.Thus, in the course of the ABC-analysis is formed ABC rating goods:

Goods A - the most important goods that bring the greatest result;

Goods B - «average» on the importance of bringing significant results;

Goods C - with a «problem» goods, whose contribution is negligible.

Figure 1. The schedule of the ABC-analysis
For assessment of products from the point of view of stability of sales are used ХУZ-analysis, which is based on a study of deviations, the jumps, the instability of sales. Method XYZ-analysis is similar to the ABC-analysis and based on the same principle: the goods are divided into three groups X,Y,Z, based on the value of the coefficient of variation over a period of time. This analysis divides the objects on the degree of deviation from the average, высчитываемого over several periods.

ХУZ-analysis is typically used for ranking and grouping assortment positions on the degree of predictability of demand.
The coefficient of variation in the process ХУZ analysis is calculated by the formula:
$\quad v = \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}}; \qquad \sigma=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2}{n-1}} ; \qquad \bar{x} = \frac {\sum_{i=1}^n x_i}{n}$
where:

$\quad v$ coefficient of variation
$\quad \sigma$ standard deviation
$\quad \bar{x}$ mean
$\quad x_i$ i--th value of statistical series
$\quad n$ the number of values in a static number

In our case we divide products into 4 groups: primary stable, unstable main, supporting a stable and всполмогательную unstable (other). So, sales of selected by us of the principal stable production is planned for the year in real terms on a monthly basis at the individual assortment positions. As a rule, such products are ranged from 50 to 200 items. Most unstable products plans to hold monthly by product group (in physical or value terms). This adds to the plan still 10-50 planned items. Auxiliary stable production is planned in terms of value, monthly or quarterly. In terms of sales auxiliary unstable products provided quarterly cost values. For each of the product groups of the optimum insurance reserves (2) which is allocated the maximum and minimum limit («red lines stocks»). Optimum are all those values that fall between these boundaries (i.e. in the corridor). The main stable production optimum (corridor) stocks minimum. Secondary unstable products no, because these products simply are reserved cash and it is bought for implementation as necessary in it. The main unstable and supporting stable products inventories are above average. Corridor same can be much larger, especially in the case of seasonal products.

Then, in about 2-3 weeks before the beginning of the planning period, the sales plan is converted to the production plan (planned project) (3). This largely consists logistics meaning of the concept of «Planning of resources». In advance composed production plan allows you to place orders for production at the lowest prices. Urgent orders are known to cost of sales organizations (holdings) much more expensive and in some cases are related as 2:1. In the case of seasonal fluctuations of sales production plan cannot be made directly under the sales. To minimize production costs (and cost) production plan is aligned that involves changing the optimum insurance reserves (4) in the direction of increase and widening of the corridor between the maximum and minimum stock levels. In the period of the differences between the plans of sales and production, in case if sales will exceed production, expected to decrease in inventory levels and, on the contrary, if production exceeds sales optimum will be changed towards increase.

Seasonal fluctuations of demand is intended to neutralize the (smooth) the marketing service of the organization. This is achieved through diversification of demand, the development of forms of trading activity, flexible pricing, etc. Marketers should also develop appropriate product line, which includes goods, with asymmetric cycles, allowing manufacturing company throughout the year, the month, etc.) to produce a stable volume of production.

After that you need to distribute the production plan every ten days, for every 10 days of the month (5). Otherwise, there may be inconsistencies in the harmonization of monthly plans of sales and production. Parameters подекадного plan depends on many factors: the range of transport products from production to sales subdivisions (distribution), the volume produced by the parties, the shelf life of products, etc.

The concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» you must install the border (settings) adjustment plans (6). On the one hand the preparation of the plan of sales (as we assumed in 15-16 months before the end of the planning period) difficult to avoid mistakes. On the other hand, the adjustment of the plan is always a good opportunity for negligent managers of sales subdivisions «overturn» whole system «Requirements/resource Planning». So it establishes the regulations for the correction of plans, including the schedule adjustments (not later than 10 days before the beginning of the planning period: year, quarter, month, decade) and parameters - the percentage of the planned figures, which allowed to adjustment depending on the established deadlines. The percentage of adjustment should not be large (so 10 days before the onset of the planning period in the range of 5-10%) and must reflect the interests of industry. The more often conducted adjustments and the more value, the high cost of production application (due to the inclusion of the rate of risk). Nullification of a plan to separate assortment positions is allowed only in case if it has no effect on the overall performance throughout the product group that owns this assortment position.

On the other hand, the organization must not permit a frequent practice adjustments (revision) plans. In the case of admitted when planning errors or occurrence in the market of unforeseen situations that could overturn the established system of planning, the great importance is the marketing activity. If marketing starts to lag production and overstocking of trade, the marketer must use actions to stimulate demand (advertising, merchandising, consulting staff, pricing, etc.). The same Arsenal of means, but in the opposite direction «cooling demand» involve marketers in the case when demand outstrips certain sales plans, when the prescribed terms of production may be a shortage of specific product. Thus, marketing activities become flexible and oriented to the solution of not only the task of increasing the volumes of revenues, but also to support the logistic system of the organization.

Finally, in the conclusion of the concept provides for the development of the product range in the direction of greater technological substitutability of products (7), that facilitates decisions connected with updating of the plans. Technological interchangeability of products allows you to quickly change plans, moving from the production of one type of goods from one volume to another, technologically close the form(other volumes)that meets the requirements of operational management. This promotes the principle of small parties of orders for products, which is established by the concepts of «Just in time» (JIT) and KANBAN. This accompanies the timely and high-quality information support, accompanying the action of the logistics and marketers. On the basis of the work done (1-7) formed a raw material supply plan in accordance with the principles микрологистической concept of JIT, i.e. provision of resources the organization's activities (8).

This algorithm represents the author's interpretation of микрологистической the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning» used in the practice of holding company «Vostok-Service» (Moscow). It can be useful in practice, a large commercial organization includes in its structure of production and sales divisions.

At present, the Russian economy under the logistics often mean узкотехнические functions, such as transportation and warehousing. According to the current understanding of logistics is the leading managerial service, aimed at optimization of expenses at all stages of the movement of flows of material, financial and information resources and coordinating the work of the services of marketing and planning. An example of such coordination and advocates the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning».

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