393 rue St-Jacques oust, Suite 200, Montreal Quebec H2Y 1N9 Prepared By: Glenn Griffith Corvallis, Oregon

8.4.7 ARKANSAS VALLEY

Location: In eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas, just south of the Boston Mountains (8.4.6) and north of the Ouachita Mountains (8.4.8)

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate. It is marked by mild winters and hot summers with no pronounced dry season. The mean annual temperature is approximately 15-17C. The frost-free period ranges from 190 to 245 days. The mean annual precipitation is 1160 mm, ranging from 1040 mm to 1575 mm.

Vegetation: Natural vegetation included oak savanna and oak-hickory-pine forests. Post oak, blackjack oak, southern red oak, hickory, shortleaf pine, some planted loblolly pine. Floodplains with bottomland oaks, sycamore, sweetgum, willow, eastern cottonwood, green ash, elm.

Hydrology: Moderate density of low to moderate gradient perennial streams and some intermittent streams. A few springs. Major rivers include the Canadian and the Arkansas. Several large reservoirs occur. Streams have considerably lower dissolved oxygen levels than those of most of the adjacent regions, and support different biological communities.

Terrain: Plains with hills, some open low mountains, and level to undulating floodplains and terraces. A region of valleys and ridges, the physiography is much less irregular than that of the Boston Mountains (8.4.6) to the north and the Ouachita Mountains (8.4.8) to the south, but is more irregular than the ecological regions to the west and east. Elevations range from 75 m to 839 m. Mostly Pennsylvanian-age sandstone, shale, coal, and limestone. Soils are mostly Ultisols and Inceptisols, with a thermic soil temperature regime and udic soil moisture regime.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer, coyote, bobcat, swamp rabbit, beaver, raccoon, armadillo, wild turkey, mourning dove, box turtle.

Land Use/Human Activities: Forestry, agriculture, farm pasture and woodlots, and livestock grazing. About one fourth of the region is grazed and roughly one tenth is cropland. Crops include soybeans, corn, grain sorghum, wheat, hay, and alfalfa, some orchards and vegetables. Poultry production. Some coal mining and natural gas production. Small areas of public national forest land. Larger towns and cities include McAlester, Sallisaw, Poteau, Fort Smith, Waldron, Clarksville, Russellville, Morrilton, Conway, Heber Springs, and Searcy.

8.4.8 OUACHITA MOUNTAINS

Location: In eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas, just south of the Arkansas Valley (8.4.7).

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate. It is marked by mild winters and hot summers with no pronounced dry season. The mean annual temperature is approximately 15-17C. The frost-free period ranges from 190 to 240 days. The mean annual precipitation 1327 mm, ranging 1090 mm to 1675 mm. Snow is uncommon.

Vegetation: Once covered by oak-hickory-pine forests, most of this region is now in loblolly and shortleaf pine. Remaining hardwood forests include southern red oak, black oak, post oak, white oak, and hickories

Hydrology: Numerous perennial streams, mostly moderate to high-gradient. Several large reservoirs are in the region. Some springs occur.

Terrain: Mostly open high hills and low mountains, the region is made up of sharply defined east-west trending ridges, formed through erosion of compressed sedimentary rock formations. Narrow valleys are common. Elevations range from 88 m to 820 m. The folded and faulted geology is mostly Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstones and shales. Soils are Ultisols, Inceptisols, and Alfisols, with a thermic soil temperature regime and udic soil moisture regime.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer, black bear, coyote, bobcat, gray fox, gray squirrel, muskrat, mink, eastern fox squirrel, pine vole, wild turkey, wood thrush, red-eyed vireo, Carolina wren, box turtle, timber rattlesnake, Fourche Mountain salamander, Ouachita madtom, leopard darter.

Land Use/Human Activities: Commercial logging is the major land use in the region, along with woodland grazing, and some pasture and hayland. Some broiler chicken production. Outdoor recreation is increasing in importance. Public national forest land covers part of the region. Larger towns include Mena, Mt. Ida, Perryville, Hot Springs, and the western part of Little Rock.

8.4.9 Southwestern Appalachians

Location: Occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama.

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate, marked by hot humid summers and mild winters. The mean annual temperature is approximately 12C in the north and 16C in the south. The frost-free period ranges from 170 to 230 days. The mean annual precipitation is 1447, ranging from 1200 mm to 1700 mm.

Vegetation: Upland forests are dominated by mixed oaks with shortleaf pine, and include white oak, southern red oak, and some hickories. Mixed mesophytic forests with maple, buckeye, beech, ash, basswood, sweetgum, and oaks are restricted mostly to the deeper ravines and escarpment slopes.

Hydrology: Moderate to high density of small and medium perennial streams, mostly moderate to high gradient. Waterfalls occur along some escarpments. Some springs. Natural lakes are rare, but some large reservoirs occur.

Terrain: Some undulating and rolling tableland on the plateau surfaces, weakly to moderately dissected. Long, steep mountainsides with cliffs, ravines, and gorges. Some moderate to highly dissected plateau surfaces and open to rugged hills. Also includes the long, narrow Sequatchie Valley. The eastern boundary of the ecoregion, along the more abrupt escarpment where it meets the Ridge and Valley (8.4.1), is relatively smooth and only slightly notched by small. eastward flowing streams. The western boundary, next to the Interior Plateau (8.3.3), is more crenulated, with a rougher escarpment that is more deeply incised. Ultisols and Inceptisols are typical, with mesic and thermic soil temperatures and udic soil moisture regimes.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer, black bear, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, mink, gray squirrel, pine vole, big eared bat, wild turkey, bobwhite, mourning dove, red-eyed vireo, scarlet tanager, cardinal, hooded warbler, northern copperhead, timber rattlesnake, chorus frog, green salamander.

Land Use/Human Activities: Mostly forest and woodland uses, with some smaller areas of cropland and pasture. Soybeans, corn, hay, wheat, and tobacco are grown. Some areas in the south with poultry and egg production. Ecoregion 8.4.9 has less agriculture than the adjacent Ecoregion 8.3.3. Coal mining occurs in several parts of the region. Larger settlements include London and Corbin, Kentucky; Oneida, Jamestown, Monterey, and Crossville, Tennessee; and Stevenson, Scottsboro, Albertville, Cullman, and Jasper, Alabama.

8.5.1 Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain

Location: Covers parts of the outer coastal plain from southern New Jersey to the South Carolina/Georgia border.

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate, marked by hot, humid summers and mild winters. The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 14C in the north to 17C in the south. The frost-free period ranges from 190 to 300 days. The mean annual precipitation is 1229 mm, ranging from 1020 mm to 1420 mm.

Vegetation: Forest cover in the region was once dominated by longleaf pine, with more oak-hickory-pine to the north. It is now mostly loblolly and some shortleaf pine, with patches of oak, gum, and cypress near major streams. On southern barrier islands, some maritime forests of live oak, sand laurel oak, and loblolly pine. Cordgrass, saltgrass, and rushes in coastal marshes; beach grass and sea oats on dunes.

Hydrology: Low gradient streams and rivers, numerous swamps, marshes, and estuaries, a few large lakes. Carolina bays and pocosins occur in some areas.

Terrain: Low elevation flat plains, low terraces, dunes, barrier islands, and beaches are underlain by unconsolidated sediments. Poorly drained soils are common, and the region has a mix of coarse and finer textured soils. Typically lower, flatter, less dissected, and more poorly drained, than Ecoregion 8.3.5 to the west. Ultisols, Entisols, and Histosols are dominant, with mostly thermic soil temperatures (some mesic in the north) and aquic and udic soil moisture regimes.

Wildlife: Black bear, white-tailed deer, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel, wild turkey, bobwhite, mourning dove, cormorants, herons, northern cardinal, prothonotary warbler, box turtle, alligator in the south.

Land Use/Human Activities: Pine plantations for pulpwood and lumber are typical, with some areas of cropland especially in the central and northern parts of the region. Crops include wheat, corn, soybeans, potatoes, cotton, blueberries, and peanuts. Chicken, turkey, and hog production has a high density in some areas. Recreation and tourism along coastal strips. Larger cities from north to south includeWilmington, Dover, Salisbury, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Elizabeth City, Greenville, New Bern, Jacksonville, Wilmington, and Myrtle Beach.

8.5.2 MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL PLAIN

Location: This riverine ecoregion extends from southern Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi River, south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate. Winters are mild and summers are hot and humid, with temperatures and precipitation increasing from north to south. The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 14C in the north to 21C in the south. The frost-free period ranges from 200 days in the north to 355 days near the Gulf of Mexico. The mean annual precipitation is 1395 mm, ranging from 1140 mm to 1760 mm.

Vegetation: Bottomland deciduous forest covered the region before much of it was cleared for cultivation. It is one of the most altered ecoregions in the U.S. Floodplain forest communities are affected by hydroperiod. River swamp forests contain baldcypress and water tupelo. Hardwood swamp forests include more water hickory, red maple, green ash, and river birch. Higher, seasonally flooded areas, add sweetgum, sycamore, laurel oak, Nuttall oak, and willow oak.

Hydrology: The Mississippi River watershed drains all or parts of thirty-one states, two Canadian provinces, and approximately 3,219,368 square kilometers before the river finally reaches the Gulf. The ecoregion contained one of the largest continuous wetland systems in North America. Extensive areas have been modified by channelization and navigation and flood control engineering. Streams are low gradient. Oxbow lakes and ponds occur.

Terrain: Mostly a broad, flat alluvial plain with river terraces, swales, and levees providing the main elements of relief. Thick deposits of Pleistocene to Holocene sandy to clayey alluvium occur. Soils are typically finer-textured and more poorly drained than the upland soils of adjacent Ecoregions 8.3.6 and 8.3.7, although there are some areas of coarser, better-drained soils. Alfisols, Vertisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols occur and have a thermic soil temperature regime, with some hyperthermic in the far south. Soil moisture regimes are aquic and udic.

Wildlife: The widespread loss of forest and wetland habitat has impacted wildlife and reduced bird populations, although it is still a major bird migration corridor. White-tailed deer, black bear, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, swamp rabbit, migratory waterfowl, wild turkey, cormorants, egrets, herons, mourning dove, wood thrush, yellow-throated vireo, alligators, “big river” species such as alligator gar and pallid sturgeon.

Land Use/Human Activities: Extensive agricultural land use. Almost all of the region is in cropland, with soybeans, cotton, corn, rice, wheat, pasture, and some sugarcane in the south. Catfish and crawfish are commercially produced in ponds. Larger settlements include Kennett, New Madrid, Blytheville, Clarksdale, Cleveland, Greenville, Yazoo City, Monroe, Morgan City, Houma, and New Orleans.

8.5.3 SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAIN

Location: Extends from South Carolina and Georgia through much of central Florida, and along the Gulf coast lowlands of the Florida Panhandle, Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana.

Climate: The ecoregion has a mild mid-latitude humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot humid summers and warm to mild winters. The mean annual temperature is approximately 19 to 22C. The frost-free period ranges from 280 to 360 days. The mean annual precipitation is 1338 mm, ranging from 1170 mm to 1650 mm.

Vegetation: Once covered mainly by longleaf pine flatwoods and savannas, this ecoregion also had a variety of other communities that supported slash pine, pond pine, pond cypress, beech, sweetgum, southern magnolia, white oak, and laurel oak forest. Southern floodplain forests with bald cypress, pond cypress, water tupelo, bottomland oaks, sweetgum, green ash, water hickory.

Hydrology: Numerous low-gradient, perennial streams and large rivers, wetlands, and lakes.

Terrain: Mostly flat plains, it also includes barrier islands, coastal lagoons, marshes, and swampy lowlands along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. In Florida, an area of more rolling discontinuous highlands contains numerous lakes. This ecoregion is lower in elevation with less relief and wetter soils than the Southeastern Plains (8.3.5) ecoregion to the north. Ultisols, Spodosols, and Entisols are common, with thermic and hyperthermic soil temperature regimes and aquic and some udic soil moisture regimes.

Wildlife: Black bear, white-tailed deer, bobcat, marsh rabbit, fox squirrel, manatee, egret, blue heron, red-cockaded woodpecker, indigo bunting, Florida scrub jay, box turtle, gopher tortoise, southern dusky salamander, scrub lizard, cottonmouth, alligator.

Land Use/Human Activities: Pine plantations and forestry, pasture for beef cattle, citrus groves, tourism and recreation, fish and shellfish production. Some large areas of urban, suburban, and industrial uses.

Larger cities from north to south includeGeorgetown, Charleston, Savannah, Waycross, Brunswick, Jacksonville, Hammond, Slidell, Gulfport, Biloxi, Pascagoula, Mobile, Pensacola, Gainesville, Ocala, Orlando, Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Fort Myers.

8.5.4 ATLANTIC COASTAL PINE BARRENS

Location: This region includes the Pine Barrens area of New Jersey, Long Island, New York, and Cape Cod and nearby islands in Massachusetts.

Climate: The ecoregion has a severe mid-latitude humid continental climate, moderated by maritime influences. It is marked by hot summers and cold winters. The mean annual temperature is approximately 11C. The frost-free period ranges from 190 to 225 days. The mean annual precipitation is 1141 mm, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The climate is milder than the coastal ecoregion (8.1.7) to the north that contains Appalachian Oak forests and some northern hardwoods forests, and is cooler than the coastal region (8.5.1) to the south.

Vegetation: Mostly pine-oak forests with pitch pine, scarlet oak, black oak; also some shortleaf pine and chestnut oak. In inland areas, historically some mixed oak forests with white and black oaks, American beech, pignut and mockernut hickories, black walnut, tulip tree, and red maple. Most of this has been cleared. Some Atlantic white cedar swamps occur. Near the coast, some dune woodlands composed of American holly, black cherry, red cedar, red maple, pitch pine, hackberry, and sassafras. Some low, shrub thickets of bayberry, beach plum, shadbush, and highbush blueberry. On outer dunes, a sparse cover of dune grass, sea rocket, dusty miller, saltwort, and seaside spurge. The region represents the northern limit for many southern plant species.

Hydrology: A few perennial streams, numerous lakes on Cape Cod, some swamps, bogs, and salt and freshwater marshes.

Terrain: The ecoregion is not as flat as that of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (8.5.1), but it is not as irregular as that of the Northeastern Coastal Zone (8.1.7). Elevation and relief is generally less than 60 m. The region has mostly Quaternary and Tertiary sediments with some Cretaceous geology in the inner coastal plain of New Jersey. Terminal moraines, outwash plains, and coastal deposits have been reshaped by wind and water. Deep deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay are typical. Sandy beaches, dunes, bays, barrier islands, and marshes occur. Entisols and some Ultisols are typical soils, with mesic soil temperatures and udic soil moisture regimes.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer, fox, raccoon, cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel, pheasant, bobwhite quail, piping plover, black skimmer, least tern, loggerhead turtle.

Land Use/Human Activities: Large areas are dominated by urban and suburban development and transportation infrastructure. In the pine barrens of New Jersey, some forestry, cranberries, highbush blueberries, and residential developments. Some areas of agriculture, with corn, wheat, soybean, vegetable, dairy, and poultry farming. Tourism and recreation. Larger settlements include Plymouth, Falmouth, Barnstable, Dennis, Chatham, Nantucket, Riverhead, Islip, Brentwood, Leavittown, Long Beach, Brooklyn, Queens, Trenton, Vineland, and Atlantic City.

*9.2.1 Aspen Parkland/NORTHERN GLACIATED PLAINS

Location: Extends in an arc like manner from Calgary in Alberta, across Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba, and south into North Dakota, South Dakota, and a small portion of western Minnesota.

Climate: The ecoregion has a severe mid-latitude humid continental climate, bordering in places on a dry mid-latitude steppe climate. It is marked by short, warm summers and long, cold winters, with nearly continuous snow cover to the north. The mean annual temperature varies from approximately 1.5C in the north to 8C in the south. The mean summer temperature is approximately 15C in the north and 19C in the south, and mean winter temperatures are B12.5C in the north and B4C in the south. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 400B610 mm. The frost-free period ranges from 90 to 150 days.

Vegetation: Most of the region is now farmland but in its native state, the landscape was characterized by trembling aspen, oak groves, mixed tall shrubs, and intermittent fescue grasslands. Bur oak and grassland communities occupied drier sites. Many areas had transitional grassland containing tallgrass and shortgrass prairie, including big and little bluestem, green needlegrass, blue grama, western wheatgrass, switchgrass.

Hydrology: Low density of streams and rivers cross the area. High concentrations of temporary and seasonal wetlands create favorable conditions for waterfowl nesting and migration.

Terrain: Flat to gently rolling plains composed of glacial till. Areas of lacustrine and hummocky to ridged fluvioglacial deposits. Tertiary and Cretaceous sandstones and shales are typical bedrock. The till soils are very fertile. Mollisols are common, with mostly frigid soil temperature regimes and udic and aquic soil moisture regimes.

Wildlife: It provides a major breeding habitat for waterfowl and includes habitat for white-tailed deer, coyote, snowshoe hare, cottontail, red fox, northern pocket gopher, Franklin's ground squirrel, and bird species like sharp-tailed grouse and black-billed magpie.

Land Use/Human Activities: Represents some very productive agricultural land. It produces a diversity of crops, including spring wheat, flax, rye, barley, oats, corn, soybeans, and sunflowers. Agricultural success is subject to annual climatic fluctuations. Larger communities include Calgary, Edmonton, Brandon, Minot, Jamestown, Aberdeen, Watertown, Brookings, Huron, and Yankton.

*9.2.2 Lake Manitoba and Lake Agassiz Plain

Location: Stretches southeastward from the Dauphin Lake area in Manitoba to south of the Fargo area in North Dakota and Minnesota.

Climate: The ecoregion has a severe mid-latitude humid continental climate, marked by warm summers and cold winters. It is one of Canada’s most humid and warm prairie regions, although one of the coldest for the Great Plains of the U.S. The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 2C in the north to 6C in the far south. The mean summer temperature is about 17C, and the mean winter temperature is approximately -10C. The frost-free period ranges from 95 to 145 days. The mean annual precipitation is 560 mm, with a range from 450 mm to 700 mm. Most of the precipitation falls during growing season thunderstorms.

Vegetation: In the north, transitional boreal forest occurred, with some aspen parkland to the south. The Canada portion is a mosaic of trembling aspen/oak groves and rough fescue grasslands. In the U.S., riparian areas have cottonwood, willow, bur oak, green ash, and elm. The historic tallgrass prairie has been replaced by intensive row crop agriculture.

Hydrology: Low density, low-gradient stream and river networks cross the area and are part of the Red River system. In some areas, ditching and channelization are common.

Terrain: Flat to low rolling plains. This low-relief area is covered by moraine and lacustrine deposits. Calcareous glacial till in the north. Glacial Lake Agassiz was the last in a series of proglacial lakes to fill the Red River valley in the three million years since the beginning of the Pleistocene. Thick beds of lake sediments on top of glacial till create the extremely flat floor of the Lake Agassiz Plain. Mollisols and Vertisols are typical with a frigid soil temperature regime and aquic and udic soil moisture regime.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer coyote, red fox, jack rabbit, cottontail rabbit, ground squirrel, raccoon, muskrat, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-tail pheasant, geese, ducks, perch, and walleye.

Land Use/Human Activities: Cropland is extensive, with potatoes, beans, sugar beets, wheat, barley, canola, sunflowers, corn, and soybeans. Some hunting and water-oriented recreation occur. Major communities include Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, Grand Forks, and Fargo.

9.2.3 WESTERN CORN BELT PLAINS

Location: Southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, northwest Missouri, and northeast Kansas.

Climate: The ecoregion has a severe mid-latitude humid continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold winters. The mean annual temperature is approximately 6C in the north to 12C in the south. The frost-free period ranges from 140 to 200 days. The mean annual precipitation is 800 mm, ranging from 610 mm to 1000 mm. It occurs mainly in the growing season.

Vegetation: Once covered with tallgrass prairie of little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, and numerous forbs, with small areas of bur oak and oak-hickory woodlands. Most all of the prairie has been converted to agricultural land.

Hydrology: Intermittent and perennial streams, many have been channelized. A few areas with natural lakes. Surface and groundwater contamination from fertilizer and pesticide applications as well as from concentrated livestock production is a regional issue.

Terrain: Nearly level to gently rolling glaciated till plains and hilly loess plains. Thick loess and glacial till cover the Mesozoic and Paleozoic shale, sandstone, and limestone. Mollisols and Alfisols are dominant with mesic soil temperatures and udic soil moisture.

Wildlife: White-tailed deer, beaver, raccoon, red-tailed hawk, barn owl, bobwhite quail, western meadowlark, Canada goose, pheasant, gray partridge, mallard, teal, Great Plains toad, walleye, northern pike, bluegill, sunfish.

Land Use/Human Activities: Over 75 percent of the Western Corn Belt Plains is now used for cropland agriculture and much of the remainder is in forage for livestock. It is one of the most productive areas of corn and soybeans in the world. Hog and cattle production and some dairies also occur. Larger towns and cities include Mankato, Worthington, Albert Lea, Austin, Sioux Falls, Sioux City, Fort Dodge, Mason City, Des Moines, Ames, Marshalltown, Waterloo, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Omaha, Council Bluffs, Lincoln, Atchison, Maryville, and St. Joseph.