HOW TO CREATE A GOOD HABIT
The 1st Law: Make It Obvious
1.1:
Fill out the Habits Scorecard. Write down your current habits to become aware
of
them.
1.2:
Use implementation intentions
:
“I will [BEHAVIOR] at [TIME] in [LOCATION].”
1.3:
Use habit stacking
:
“After [CURRENT HABIT], I will [NEW HABIT].”
1.4:
Design your environment. Make the cues of good habits obvious and visible.
The 2nd Law: Make It Attractive
The 3rd Law: Make It Easy
The 4th Law: Make It Satisfying
HOW TO BREAK A BAD HABIT
Inversion of the 1st Law: Make It Invisible
1.5:
Reduce exposure. Remove the cues of your bad habits from your environment.
Inversion of the 2nd Law: Make It Unattractive
Inversion of the 3rd Law: Make It Difficult
Inversion of the 4th Law: Make It Unsatisfying
You can download a printable version of this habits cheat sheet at:
atomichabits.com/cheatsheet
THE 2ND LAW
Make It Attractive
8
How to Make a Habit Irresistible
I
N THE 1940S
, a Dutch scientist named Niko Tinbergen performed a
series
of experiments that transformed our understanding of
what motivates us. Tinbergen—who eventually won a Nobel Prize
for his work—was investigating herring gulls, the gray and white
birds often seen flying along the seashores of North America.
Adult herring gulls have a small red dot on their beak, and
Tinbergen noticed that newly hatched chicks would peck this spot
whenever they wanted food. To begin one experiment, he created
a collection of fake cardboard beaks, just a head without a body.
When the parents had flown away, he went over to the nest and
offered these dummy beaks to the chicks. The beaks were obvious
fakes, and he assumed the baby birds would reject them
altogether.
However, when the tiny gulls saw the red spot on the cardboard
beak, they pecked away just as if it were attached to their own
mother. They had a clear preference for those red spots—as if they
had been genetically programmed at birth. Soon Tinbergen
discovered that the bigger the red spot, the faster the chicks
pecked. Eventually, he created a beak with three large red dots on
it. When he placed it over the nest, the baby birds went crazy with
delight. They pecked at the little red patches as if it was the
greatest beak they had ever seen.
Tinbergen and his colleagues discovered similar behavior in
other animals. For example, the greylag goose is a ground-nesting
bird. Occasionally, as the mother moves around on the nest, one of
the eggs will roll out and settle on the grass nearby. Whenever this
happens, the goose will waddle over to the egg and use its beak
and neck to pull it back into the nest.
Tinbergen discovered that the goose will pull
any
nearby round
object, such as a billiard ball or a lightbulb, back into the nest. The
bigger the object, the greater their response. One goose even made
a tremendous effort to roll a volleyball back and sit on top. Like
the baby gulls automatically pecking at red dots, the greylag goose
was following an instinctive rule:
When I see a round object
nearby, I must roll it back into the nest. The bigger the round
object, the harder I should try to get it.
It’s like the brain of each animal is preloaded with certain rules
for behavior, and when it comes across an exaggerated version of
that rule, it lights up like a Christmas tree. Scientists refer to these
exaggerated cues as
supernormal stimuli
. A supernormal stimulus
is a heightened version of reality—like a beak with three red dots
or an egg the size of a volleyball—and it elicits a stronger response
than usual.
Humans are also prone to fall for exaggerated versions of
reality. Junk food, for example, drives our reward systems into a
frenzy. After spending hundreds of thousands of years hunting
and foraging for food in the wild, the human brain has evolved to
place a high value on salt, sugar, and fat. Such foods are often
calorie-dense and they were quite rare when our ancient ancestors
were roaming the savannah. When you don’t know where your
next meal is coming from, eating as much as possible is an
excellent strategy for survival.
Today, however, we live in a calorie-rich environment. Food is
abundant, but your brain continues to crave it like it is scarce.
Placing a high value on salt, sugar, and fat is no longer
advantageous to our health, but the craving persists because the
brain’s reward centers have not changed for approximately fifty
thousand years. The modern food industry relies on stretching our
Paleolithic instincts beyond their evolutionary purpose.
A primary goal of food science is to create products that are
more attractive to consumers. Nearly every food in a bag, box, or
jar has been enhanced in some way, if only with additional
flavoring. Companies spend millions of dollars to discover the
most satisfying level of crunch in a potato chip or the perfect
amount of fizz in a soda. Entire departments are dedicated to
optimizing how a product feels in your mouth—a quality known as
orosensation
. French fries, for example, are a potent combination
—golden brown and crunchy on the outside, light and smooth on
the inside.
Other processed foods enhance
dynamic contrast
, which refers
to items with a combination of sensations, like crunchy and
creamy. Imagine the gooeyness of melted cheese on top of a crispy
pizza crust, or the crunch of an Oreo cookie combined with its
smooth center. With natural, unprocessed foods, you tend to
experience the same sensations over and over—
how’s that
seventeenth bite of kale taste?
After a few minutes, your brain
loses interest and you begin to feel full. But foods that are high in
dynamic contrast keep the experience novel and interesting,
encouraging you to eat more.
Ultimately, such strategies enable food scientists to find the
“bliss point” for each product—the precise combination of salt,
sugar, and fat that excites your brain and keeps you coming back
for more. The result, of course, is that you overeat because
hyperpalatable foods are more attractive to the human brain. As
Stephan Guyenet, a neuroscientist who specializes in eating
behavior and obesity, says, “We’ve gotten too good at pushing our
own buttons.”
The modern food industry, and the overeating habits it has
spawned, is just one example of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change:
Make it attractive.
The more attractive an opportunity is, the
more likely it is to become habit-forming.
Look around. Society is filled with highly engineered versions of
reality that are more attractive than the world our ancestors
evolved in. Stores feature mannequins with exaggerated hips and
breasts to sell clothes. Social media delivers more “likes” and
praise in a few minutes than we could ever get in the office or at
home. Online porn splices together stimulating scenes at a rate
that would be impossible to replicate in real life. Advertisements
are created with a combination of ideal lighting, professional
makeup, and Photoshopped edits—even the model doesn’t look
like the person in the final image. These are the supernormal
stimuli of our modern world. They exaggerate features that are
naturally attractive to us, and our instincts go wild as a result,
driving us into excessive shopping habits, social media habits,
porn habits, eating habits, and many others.
If history serves as a guide, the opportunities of the future will
be more attractive than those of today. The trend is for rewards to
become more concentrated and stimuli to become more enticing.
Junk food is a more concentrated form of calories than natural
foods. Hard liquor is a more concentrated form of alcohol than
beer. Video games are a more concentrated form of play than
board games. Compared to nature, these pleasure-packed
experiences are hard to resist. We have the brains of our ancestors
but temptations they never had to face.
If you want to increase the odds that a behavior will occur, then
you need to make it attractive. Throughout our discussion of the
2nd Law, our goal is to learn how to make our habits irresistible.
While it is not possible to transform every habit into a
supernormal stimulus, we can make any habit more enticing. To
do this, we must start by understanding what a craving is and how
it works.
We begin by examining a biological signature that all habits
share—the dopamine spike.
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