3. What are the elements of speaking ? Answers a limited view

Communicative Competence
Each individual English language learner’s specific motivations and goals are different. However, the primary purpose behind learning a language is to communicate effectively. 
The linguistic term communicative competence was first used by Dell Hymes in 1966. It describes a language user’s knowledge of the linguistic elements of a language, and how and when to use them appropriately. 
Later, applied linguists generated a foundational model for communicative competence. It includes four sub-competencies: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence. Let’s break each of these down:
1) Grammatical competence encompasses a user’s knowledge of the rules of phonetics and phonology (pronunciation), morphology (word parts), syntax (sentence structure), and semantics (vocabulary and meaning) of a language. 
In the most basic sense, a user’s grammatical competence is what they know about what words mean, how to pronounce them, and how to organize them into phrases and sentences both in writing and in speaking. 
2) Sociolinguistic competence refers to appropriateness and knowing how to use language effectively depending upon when, where, and with whom a topic is discussed. Sociolinguistic competence allows a speaker to engage with others politely; to determine the level of formality required in an interaction; and to adhere to cultural norms, all with a goal of accomplishing something. 
3) Discourse Competence involves producing and connecting language coherently and cohesively in different settings to generate holistic impact. A user’s discourse competence reflects his or her ability to recognize and organize language into patterns that connect ideas logically. 
At the discourse level, language users weave their grammatical and sociolinguistic competence into frameworks. They use it to compare and contrast ideas, to organize information sequentially, or to emphasize importance the importance of something. Discourse competence considers how ideas and information can be organized to most effectively communicate a broader message. 
4) Strategic Competence is the effectiveness of a user in making decisions about how to communicate a message. It includes an awareness of the gaps in one’s linguistic repertoire, the ability to anticipate challenges, and the capacity to recognize and repair communication breakdowns. 
Strategic competence requires a user to respond in real-time to variables within a linguistic exchange. For example, it involves making decisions about how to describe something without having one isolated vocabulary word to identify it. It includes using non-verbal cues to interpret how well a recipient understood a message. It also includes the ability to identify and self-correct or revise errors that impede understanding. 
Let’s say a speaker doesn’t know the word for ‘banana’ in English, but she knows the words ‘fruit,’ ‘long,’ and ‘yellow’. The learner could employ her strategic competence to identify a banana by forming the phrase, ‘long, yellow, fruit’ to describe it. She would probably be understood.