3 Part One. The Predicate

Celsius versus Centigrade
The Ninth General Confcrencc on Weights and Measures, held in October, 1948, adopted the name “Celsius” for the scale of temperature which had more commonly been called “centigrade”. This action, which had not been proposed in advance of the Conference, arose from a question regarding preferred usage in French, the sole official language of the Confcrencc. The decision might be considered as applying strictly only to that language. In the interest of eventual uniformity of practicc the use of “Celsius” appeared desirable, but it was not practicable to impose this term on those who preferred “centigrade”.

In preparation for the General Conference the National Bureau of Standard submitted a revised text defining the International Temperature Scale to supersede that adopted in 1927. The proposed text was drafted in

English and, in accordance with common English practice as well as the official French text adopted in 1927, it used the name “centigrade”. This name was earned over into the French translation prepared for considcraton by the Advisory Committee on Thermometry in May, 1948. However, in the printed report of that meeting, the term “centigrade” had, in most cases, been changed to “centesimal”, the term that was used in the French law governing weights and measurements. When it was asked to choose between the two, the International Committee on Weights and the General Conference voted to substitute “Celsius”.

With regard to the merits of the decision it might be remarked that Celsius (abbreviated C) was analogous to the names Kelvin, Fahrenheit.Reaumur, and Rankine, used for other temperature scales, that it had previously been used considerably in some countries, and occasionally in

America. It might also be argued that “centigrade” was logically ambiguous, since the absolute Kelvin scale, as well as the centigrade scale has 100 degrees between the icc point and the boiling point of water. On the other hand, the name “centigrade” was thoroughly established in English- speaking countries, the need for choosing between that name and “centesimal” arose only in Frcnch, and the decision on a term in the official

French language o f the Conference might not be considered as controlling the terms to be used in translating into other tongues.

Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized

absolute, adopt, advance, analogue, it appears, carry, conference, control, decision, degree, desirable, occasionally, practice, prefer, report, substitute, term, thoroughly, translation

Ex. 5. Give the Uzbek equivalents for the following:

hold a conference, adopt the name, propose an action, uniformity of practicc, be practicable, prepare for consideration, advisory committee, with regard to, remark, occasionally, on the other hand, thoroughly, in the English-speaking countries, the need for, translate into, use the term, previously, in accordance with

Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents fo r th e following:

o'lchovlar va og'irliklar bo'yicha konferentsiya, sms manfaati uchun anjuman o'tkazing, harorat shkalasi, xalqaro harorat shkalasini, odatiy amaliyotni afzal ko'ring, tarjima, bosma hisobot tayyorlang, aksariyat hollarda ushbu atamani ba'zi mamlakatlarda qo'llang, tanlash zarurati

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.

1. The Ninth General Conference ... Weights and Measures was held ... Octobcr, 1948. 2. The conference adopted ... the name “Celsius” ... the scale ... temperature. 3 .... the interest... uniformity ... practicc the use... “Celsius” appeared desirable. 4. Celsius was analogous... the names ... Kelvin, Fahrenheit and others. 5. The name “centigrade” was thoroughly established ... English-speaking countries. 6. The absolute Kelvin scale and the centigrade scale have 100 degrees ... the icc point and the boiling point... water.

Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into Uzbekt paying attention to different functions of the word use.

1. Oxygen is widely usedin industry. 2. Today there is practically no industry which does not usethe oxy-acctylcnc process. 3. He is not usedto work with this apparatus, help him, please. 4. Formerly hydrogen used to be classed with the alkali metals of Group I in the priodic tabic. 5. They used a fine balancc in their measurements. 6. Reduction of SiO₂ with carbon in an electric furnace is a commercial method of preparing silicon now in use.7. There are two usesof the word “theory”. 8. Usemust be made of the ability of the substance to ignite spontaneously. 9. It is no usemaking calculations if the measurements were not accurate.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Uzbek.

1. There is no doubt that chemistry is of great scrvicc to mcdicinc.2. They have just read how oxygen was produced. 3. The laboratory assistant showed us where the chemicals were stored. 4. We don’t know whether the library is open now. 5. He says he works in the laboratory of organic chemistry. 6. She told us that she had been present at the seminar and could show us her notes. 7. Everybody knew that Dr. N had been working on the subject for a long time before making his report at the conference. 8. He said he would go to Moscow next week. 9. We thought We should have done our experiment by that time. 10. She said she would be working in the library at 3 o’clock. 11. The teacher asked me what I was doing. 12.I asked her whether she had finished the exercise. 13. It is not known how and when glass was first obtained. 14. It is often necessary to determine if any particular substance is a mixture or a solution. 15. Every student knows he must be careful when he works in the laboratory. 16. One can say pure oxygen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. 17. Every chemist knows that it was in 1869 that Mendeleyev’s articlc on the periodic system was published. 18. Mendeleyev’s law stated that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights. 19. It is absolutely necessary that We should know what substances We are going to obtain in a reaction. 20. Temperature does not depend on how much matter is present. 21. It is necessary that the temperature should be kept constant. 22. The supervisor insisted that We should learn the instruction. 23. It is desirable .that Dr. N should speak at the confcrencc. 24. It is essential that oxidation state should be known. 25. Our supervisor proposed that We should write a joint paper. 26. The teacher advised that the student should consult a reference-book. 27. It was necessary to prove whether the conclusion that was made in the paper was right. 28. It was my collcaguc who recommended that the pressure of the reading substances should be increased. 29. Much depends on what the conditions of a reaction are. 30. Sometimes it is difficult to decide what term should be used, because there is no uniformity in the nomenclature.

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into English.

1. 1948 yil konferentsiyasida harorat uchun "Selsiy shkalasi" nomi qabul qilindi. 2. Selsiy bo'yicha shkalada suv 0 ° C da muzlaydi, 100 ° C da qaynaydi.

3. Selsiy nomi Kelvin shkalasi, Farenxeyt shkalasi va shunga o'xshash nomlar bilan o'xshashligi uchun qasos olish bilan tanlangan. 4. "Selsiy shkalasi" Kelvin shkalasidan aniqroq. 5. Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarda ular Farenxeyt shkalasini kundalik hayotda qo'llashda davom etmoqdalar. 6. Reaumur shkalasida muzlash nuqtasi va suvning qaynash nuqtasi o'rtasida 80 ta bo'linish mavjud.
Ex. 11. Answer the following questions:

1. What problems were discusscd at the confcrencc in 1948? 2. What name was adopted for the temperature scale devised by Celsius? 3. What was the reason for choosing a single name for the scale? 4. Why was the name “Celsius” considered preferable? 5. What other name for this scale do you know? 6. What other temperature scales do you know? 7. What temperature scales are used in Russia?