25 The Lecture on Muscles

25 The Lecture on Muscles
Yesterday the students of our group came to the Institute to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by prof. Alimov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Alimov was the first to tell us about the anatomical terms.The names of all the muscles in the body and all other anatomical terms were established at three Congresses in Basel [ ], Jena [ ] and Paris. In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomica was introduced; in 1935 it was greatly changed at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena. In 1955 the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris established new universal anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina Anatomica.In his lecture Prof. Alimov said that the body was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult about 35%-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.
When Prof. Alimov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles. Some muscles were called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors (эгилувчан мускуллар) or according to their direction, for example oblique (кийшик).
When Prof. Alimov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.
Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse.
Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion (харакат) and contraction.


33 The Corpuscular Elements of Blood
Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological process takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells.
Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles or erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leucocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes.
It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or leucocytes. The count of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu mm (cubic millimetre). When the number of white blood cells (WBC) is counted after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity it may increase to 10,000 and more per cu mm.
It is estimated that the erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements, ranging from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 per cu mm. The red blood cell count (RBC) may change with age; when the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions it may increase.
One knows that red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in the function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it a maximal surface for a given mass.
The most important part of the red cell is its red colouring substance or hemoglobin which on an average forms about 36% of its mass.
The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes.
The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5% but not more than 10% of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in the females than in the males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature.


fluid ['fluid] n жидкость
place [pleis] n место; v ставить; take place происходить; иметь место
white [wait] а белый
platelet ['pleitlit] n кровяная пластинка
generally [МзэпэгэИ] adv обычно, вообще
sex [seks] n пол
exist [ig'zist] v существовать, быть
count [kaunt] п счет, подсчет; v считать, подсчитывать; do (make) smb's
blood count делать (провести) подсчет клеток крови
mental ['mentl] а умственный; душевный, психический
mild [maild] а мягкий; слабый; легкий
range [reind3] v колебаться; п ряд; предел; область meal [mi:l] n еда, пища; принятие пищи
feature [Ti:tfa] n (характерная) черта, особенность
average ['aev9rid3] а средний; v составлять, равняться в среднем
volume ['vDijumj n объем; емкость; том
state [steit] v сообщать, заявлять, констатировать, утверждать; п состо­яние
sound [saund] п звук; тон; а крепкий, здоровый; глубокий (о сне)