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Itsik Feder managed to light up even official propaganda with lyrical notes. These
monstrous sayings are ascribed to his pen: “You betrayed your father — this is great!”, and “I
say ‘Stalin’ but envision the sun.”
Most of these writers, who zealously tried to please Stalin, were arrested ten years later.
But some of them, as mentioned above, had already drawn this lot. Similarly, the ideological
press of official communist doctrine signified for many Jewish artists and sculptors a complete
break up, quite often tragic, with the national Jewish traditions. (Still, what culture in the USSR
was not touched by this?) So it comes as little surprise that the overwhelming majority of Jewish
theaters devoted much attention to propaganda performances. This included all 19
aforementioned professional Yiddish theaters and numerous independent collectives, studios,
and circles.
Concerning Hebrew culture which preserved the national traditions: it was by now
conclusively banished and went underground.
It has already been mentioned that the Zionist underground was crushed by the beginning
of the 1930s. Many Zionists were already rounded up, but still many others were accused of the
Zionist conspiracy. Take Pinkhas Dashevsky (from Chapter 8) – in 1933 he was arrested as a
Zionist. Pinkhas Krasny was not a Zionist but was listed as such in his death sentence. He was
former Minister of Petliura’s Directorate, emigrated but later returned into the USSR. He was
executed in 1939. Volf Averbukh, a Poale-Zionist from his youth, left for Israel in 1922, where
he collaborated with the communist press. In 1930, he was sent back to the USSR, where he was
arrested.
Most of the semi-legal cheder schools and yeshivas were shut down around that time.
Arrests rolled on from the late 1920s in the Hasidic underground. Yakov-Zakharia Maskalik was
arrested in 1937, Abrom-Levik Slavin was arrested in 1939. By the end of 1933, 237 synagogues
were closed, that is, 57 percent of all existing in the first years of Soviet authority. In the mid-
1930s, the closure of synagogues accelerated. From 1929, the authorities began to impose
excessive tax on matzo baking. In 1937, the Commission on the Questions of Religions at the
Central Executive Committee of the USSR prohibited baking matzo in Jewish religious
communities. In 1937-38 the majority of clergy of the Jewish religious cult were persecuted.
There were no rabbis in the majority of still-functioning synagogues.
In 1938 a “hostile rabbinical nest” was discovered in the Moscow Central Synagogue; the
rabbis and a number of parishioners were arrested. The Rabbi of Moscow, Shmuel-Leib Medalia,
was arrested and executed in 1938. (His son, Moishe Medalia, was arrested at the same time). In
1937, the Rabbi of Saratov, Iosif Bogatin, was arrested.
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