Jews and White Guards
Let us now examine the White side. At first glance it may appear counter-intuitive that
Jews did not support the anti-Bolshevik movement. After all, the White forces were substantially
more pro-democratic then Bolsheviks (as it was with [White generals] Denikin and Wrangel) and
included not only monarchists and all kinds of nationalists but also many liberal groups and all
varieties of anti-Bolshevik socialists. So why didn’t we see Jews who shared the same political
views and sympathies there?
Fateful events irredeemably separated the Jews from the White movement.
The Jewish Encyclopedia informs us that “initially many Jews of Rostov supported the
White movement. On December 13, 1917 a merchant prince, A. Alperin, gave 800,000 rubles
collected by the Jews of Rostov to A. Kaledin, the leader of Don Cossacks, to organize anti-
Bolshevik Cossack troops. Yet when General Alekseev [another White commander] was
mustering his first squadron in December 1917 in the same city of Rostov and needed funds and
asked (note — asked and did not impress) the Rostov-Nakhichevan bourgeoisie (mainly Jewish
and Armenian) for money, they refused and he collected just a dab of money and was forced to
march out into the winter with unequipped troops – into his Ice March. And later all appeals by
the Volunteer Army were mostly ignored, yet whenever the Bolsheviks showed up and
demanded money and valuables, the population obediently handed over millions of rubles and
whole stores of goods.
When former Russian prime minister (of the Provisional Government) prince G. E. Lvov,
begging for aid abroad, visited New York and Washington in 1918, he met a delegation of
American Jews who heard him out but offered no aid.
However, Pasmanik quotes a letter saying that by the end of 1918 “more than three and
half millions rubles were being collected in the exclusive Jewish circle” with accompanying
promises and reassurances of goodwill toward Jews from the White authorities. Despite that,
Jews were officially prohibited to buy land in the Chernomorskaya Guberniya because of
“vicious speculations by several Jews,” though the order was revoked soon afterwards.
Here is another example from my own sources: again in Rostov in February 1918 when
the White movement was merely nascent and seemed almost hopeless, an elderly Jewish
engineer and manufacturer A. I. Arkhangorodsky, who sincerely considered himself a Russian
patriot, literally pushed his reluctant student son into joining the White youth marching out into
the night [February 22], embarking on their Ice March. (However, his sister didn’t let him go.)
-159
-
The Jewish Encyclopedia also tells us that “the Jews of Rostov were joining Cossack guerilla
squadrons and the student’s battalion of [White] general L. Kornilov’s army.”
In Paris in 1975, Col. Levitin, the last surviving commander of the Kornilov Regiment,
told me that quite a few Jewish warrant officers, who were commissioned in Kerensky’s times,
were loyal to Kornilov during the so-called Days of Kornilov in August 1917. He recalled one
Katzman, a holder of the Order of St. George from the First Kutepov Division.
Yet we know that many Whites rejected sympathetic or neutral Jews — because of the
prominent involvement of other Jews on the Red side, mistrust and anger was bred among the
White forces. A modern study suggests that during the first year of its existence, the White
movement was virtually free of anti-Semitism at least in terms of major incidents and Jews were
actually serving in the Volunteer Army. However the situation dramatically changed by 1919.
First, after the Allied victory in WWI, the widespread conviction among the Whites that
Germans helped Bolsheviks was displaced by a mythos about Jews being the backbone of
Bolshevism. On the other hand, after the White troops occupied Ukraine, they came under
influence of obsessive local anti-Semitism that facilitated their espousal of anti-Jewish actions.
The White Army was hypnotized by Trotsky and Nakhamkis [an agent of the Bolshevik
Central Committee] and that caused the identification of Bolshevism with Jewry and led to
pogroms. The Whites perceived Russia as occupied by Jewish commissars – and they marched to
liberate her. And given considerable unaccountability of separate units of that nascent and poorly
organized army strewn over the vast Russian territories and the general lack of central authority
in that war, it is not surprising that, unfortunately, some White troops carried out pogroms. A. I.
Denikin like some other leaders of the South Army (e.g., V. Z. Mai-Mayevsky), endorsed Kadet
and Socialist Revolutionary views and sought to stop the outrages perpetrated by his troops. Yet
those efforts were not effective.
Naturally, many Jews were driven by survival instinct and even if they initially expected
goodwill on the part of the Volunteer Army, after pogroms by Denikin’s troops they lost any
inclination to support the White movement.
Pasmanik provides a lively case. “Aleksandrovsk was taken by the Volunteers from the
Bolsheviks. They were met by unanimous sincere joy of the citizenry. Overnight half of the town
was sacked and filled by the screaming and moaning of distressed Jews. Wives were raped, men
beaten and murdered, Jewish homes were totally ransacked. The pogrom continued for three
days and three nights. Post-executive Cossack cornet Sliva dismissed complaints of the Public
Administration saying ‘it is always like that: we take a city and it belongs to the troops for three
days.´”
It is impossible to explain all this plunder and violence by soldiers of the Volunteer Army
by actions of Jewish commissars. A top White general, A. von Lampe, claims that rumors about
Jewish pogroms by the Whites are tendentiously exaggerated, that these pillaging “requisitions”
were unavoidable actions of an army without quartermaster services or regular supplies from the
rear areas. He says that Jews were not targeted deliberately but that all citizens suffered and that
Jews suffered more because they were numerous and rich. “I am absolutely confident that in the
operational theaters of the White armies there were no Jewish pogroms, i.e., no organized
extermination and pillaging of Jews. There were robberies and even murders which were
purposefully overblown and misrepresented as anti-Jewish pogroms by special press. Because of
these accidents, the Second Kuban Infantry Brigade and the Ossetian Cavalry Regiment were
disbanded. All the people, be they Christian or Jewish, suffered in disorderly areas.” There were
-160
-
executions (on tip offs by locals) of those unfortunate commissars and Chekists who did not
manage to escape and there were quite a few Jews among them.
Events in Fastov in September 1919 appear differently. According to the Jewish
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |