Encyclopedia, while quoting Marx’s assertion that “the Jews had not assimilated, because they
represented the highest economic class, that is the class of capitalists amidst the agricultural and
petty bourgeois nations,” objects, saying that the economy was secondary: “The Jews of the
Diaspora have consciously established their own economy which protected them from
assimilation. They did it because they were conscious of their cultural superiority,” which, for its
part, was created by the spiritual meaning of Judaism in its most complete form. The latter
protected them from imitation.
But from the mid-18th century the Jews started to believe in assimilation, and that
becomes the ferment of decomposition of the Jewish nation in Western Europe of the 19th
century. Assimilation begins when the surrounding culture reaches the height held by the Jewish
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culture, or when the Jewry ceases to create new values. The national will of the European Jews
was weakened by the end of the 18th century; it had lost ground because of extremely long
waiting. Other nations began creating brilliant cultures that eclipsed Jewish culture. And exactly
then Napoleon launched the Pan-European emancipation; in one country after another, the roads
to social equality were opening before the Jews, and that facilitated assimilation. There is an
important caveat here: There is no unilateral assimilation, and the assimilating Jews
supplemented the host cultures with Jewish national traits. Heine and Börne, Ricardo and Marx,
Beaconsfield-Disraeli and Lassalle, Meyerbeer and Mendelssohn — during their assimilation
into the host cultures, they added Jewish elements to them.)
In some cases, assimilation leads to a brighter creative personal self-fulfillment. But,
overall, “assimilation was the price paid by the Jews for the benefit of having access to the
European culture. Educated Jews convinced themselves that the Jews are not a nation, but only a
religious group. The Jewish nation, after it joined the realm of European nations, began to lose
its national uniqueness. Only the Jew from the ghetto retained pronounced national traits, while
the intelligent Jew tried with all his strength to look unlike a typical Jew. Thus spread the theory
that there is no Jewish nation, but only the Poles, Frenchmen and Germans of Mosaic Law.
Marx, and then Lenin saw the solution of Jewish question in the full assimilation of the
Jews in the countries of their residence.
In contrast to the clumsiness of those ideologues, the ideas of M.O. Gershenzon are much
more interesting. He put them forward late in life, in 1920, and they are all the more interesting
because the lofty thinker Gershenzon was a completely assimilated Russian Jew. Nevertheless,
the Jewish question was alive and well in his mind. He explored it in his article The Destinies of
the Jewish Nation.
Unlike the contemporary Jewish Encyclopedia, Gershenzon believes that Jewish
assimilation is the ancient phenomenon, from time immemorial. One voice constantly “tempted
the Jew to blend with the environment — hence comes this ineradicable and ancient Jewish
aspiration to assimilate.” Yet another voice demanded “above all things to preserve his national
uniqueness. The whole story of scattering is the never-ending struggle of two wills within Jewry:
the human will against the superhuman one, the individual against the collective…. The
requirements of the national will towards the individual were so ruthless and almost beyond
human power, that without having a great hope common to all Jewry, the Jew would succumb to
despair every now and then, and would be tempted to fall away from his brethren and desert that
strange and painful common cause.”
Contrary to the view that it is not difficult to explain why assimilation began precisely at
the end of the 18th century, Gershenzon is rather surprised: “Is it not strange that assimilation so
unexpectedly accelerated exactly during the last one hundred years and it continues to intensify
with each passing hour? Shouldn’t the temptation to fall apart be diminished greatly nowadays,
when the Jews obtained equal rights everywhere?”
No, he replies: “It is not the external force that splits the Jews; Jewry disintegrates from
the inside. The main pillar of Jewry, the religious unity of the Jewish nation, is decayed and
rotten.” So, what about assimilation, where does it lead to? “At first sight, it appears that … [the
Jews] are imbued, to the marrow of their bones, with the cosmopolitan spirit or, at least, with the
spirit of the local culture; they share beliefs and fixations of the people around them.”
Yet it is not exactly like that: “They love the same things, but not in the same way….
They indeed crave to embrace the alien gods… They strive to accept the way of life of modern
culture…. They pretend that they already love all that — truly love, and they are even able to
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convince themselves of that. Alas! One can only love his own faith, the one born in the throes
from the depths of the soul.”
Jewish authors genuinely express the spiritual torment experienced by the assimilating
Jew. “If you decided to pretend that you are not a Jew, or to change your religion, you are
doomed to unending internal struggle with your Jewish identity…. You live in terrible tension….
In a way, this is immoral, a sort of spiritual self-violation.” (This inner conflict was amazingly
described by Chekhov in his essay Tumbleweed.) “This evil stepmother assimilation forced the
individual to adapt to everything: to the meaning of life and human relations, to demands and
needs, to the way of life and habits. It crippled the psychology of the nation in general and that of
the national intelligentsia in particular.” It compelled people “to renounce their own identity,
and, ultimately, led to self-destruction. It is a painful and humiliating search of identity.” But
even the most complete assimilation is ephemeral: it never becomes natural, it does not liberate
from the need to be on guard all the time.
In addition to the lack of trust on the part of surrounding native people, assimilating Jews
come under fire from their fellow Jews; they are accused of consumerism and conformism, of the
desire to desert their people, to dispose of their Jewish identity, and of the national defection.
Nevertheless, during the 19th century everything indicated that assimilation was feasible
and necessary, that it was predetermined and even inevitable. Yet the emergence of Zionism cast
a completely new light on this problem. Before Zionism, every Jew suffered from painful
duality, the dissonance between the religious tradition and the surrounding external world.
In the early 20th century Jabotinsky wrote: “When the Jew adopts a foreign culture one
should not trust the depth and strength of such conversion. The assimilated Jew cannot withstand
a single onslaught, he abandons the adopted culture without any resistance whatsoever, as soon
as he sees that the power of that culture is over. He cannot be the pillar for such a culture.” He
provided a shining example in the Germanized Austria-Hungary, when with the growth of
Czech, Hungarian and Polish cultures, Germanized Jews actively conformed to new ways of life.
“It is all about certain hard realities of the natural relationship between a man and his culture, the
culture created by his ancestors.” This observation is true, of course, though “hard realities”
sounds somewhat dry. (Jabotinsky not only objected to assimilation fiercely, he also insistently
warned the Jews to avoid Russian politics, literature and art, cautioning that after a while the
Russians would inevitably turn down such service.)
Many individual and collective examples, both in Europe and Russia, in the past and
nowadays, illustrate the fragility of Jewish assimilation.
Consider Benjamin Disraeli, the son of a non-religious father. He was baptized in
adolescence and he did not just display the English way of life, he became no less than the
symbol of the British Empire. So, what did he dream about at leisure, while riding his novel-
writing hobby-horse? He wrote about exceptional merits and messianism of the Jews, expressed
his ardent love for Palestine, and dreamt of restoring the Israeli homeland!
And what’s about Gershenzon? He was a prominent historian of Russian culture and an
expert on Pushkin. He was even criticized for his Slavophilism. But, nevertheless, at the end of
his life, he wrote: “Accustomed to European culture from a tender age, I deeply imbibed its spirit
and I truly love many things in it. But deep in my mind I live differently. For many years a secret
voice from within appeals to me persistently and incessantly: This is not yours! This is not yours!
A strange will inside me sorrowfully turns away from Russian culture, from everything
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happening and spoken around me. I live like a stranger who has adapted to a foreign country; the
natives love me, and I love them too; I zealously work for their benefit, yet I feel I am a stranger,
and I secretly yearn for the fields of my homeland.”
After this confession of Gershenzon, it is appropriate to formulate the key thesis of this
chapter. There are different types of assimilation: civil and domestic assimilation, when the
assimilated individual is completely immersed in the surrounding life and accepts the interests of
the native nation (in that sense, the overwhelming majority of Russian, European and American
Jews would perhaps consider themselves assimilated); cultural assimilation; and, at the extreme,
spiritual assimilation, which also happens, albeit rarely. The latter is more complex and does not
result from the former two types of assimilation. (In the opinion of a critic, The Correspondence
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