Chapter II. - Under the Reign of Alexander I
By the end of 1804, the government committee on the Jews completed its work. The
promulgation of the Regulations of 9 December 1804 were Russia’s first comprehensive legal
attempt to deal with the Jewish question. The Committee explained that the concept of
population transfer was in the best interest of the Jews themselves and would allow them to
prosper “opening the way to only their own benefit ... and removing anything from the road can
still seduce them.”
The Regulations established the principle of civil equality of Jews in Article 42: “All
Jews living in Russia are free and are made equal under the auspices of the precise laws along
with other Russian subjects.” According to the commentary of Prof. Gradovsky in this article,
“one cannot ignore the desire to merge ... the people of the entire population of Russia.” The
Regulations opened more opportunities for the Jews than the original proposals of Derzhavin.
There was the institution of textile and leather factories as well as the transition to agriculture in
undeveloped land, and offers of direct state aid. The Jews were given the right to acquire land
without serfs on it, but with the right to use hired workers including Christians. Jewish factory
owners, merchants and craftsmen were now entitled to travel outside the Pale of Settlement “for
a while.” The Regulations confirmed all the rights of Jews to the inviolability of their property,
personal liberty, to maintain their faith and freedom to form community groups, i.e. the Kahal,
which was left in place without significant changes, even though this already undermined the
idea of All-Russian Jewry citizenship, with the same right of collecting taxes, but without the
right to increase its fees. A comprehensive plan for the establishment of Jewish schools was not
adopted, but “all the children of the Jews may be admitted and trained, without any
discrimination from other children, in all Russian schools, high schools and universities.” Jewish
children attending those schools were not to be proselytized or discriminated against on religious
grounds. The Regulations considered it necessary for Jews to master the local language, change
their appearance and dress, and co-operate in the assignment of new family names for the
purpose of a full and accurate census.
The Committee concluded that in other countries, “never had been used to this end means
more moderate, more forgiving and more considerate of their [the Jews] concerns.” And Yu.
Hesse agrees that Russian Regulations of 1804 impose fewer restrictions on Jews, for example,
than the Prussian Regulations of 1797, more particularly in the fact that Jews acquire and
maintain liberty, which at the time did not apply to many millions of serfs Russia. The 1804 law
is imbued with tolerance.
The then widespread magazine Herald of Europe wrote: “Alexander knows what evils
are attributed to the Jewish nation, and that the consequences of this deep-rooted oppression have
crushed them in the course of many centuries.” The purpose of the new law was to give the State
of useful citizens, and Jews a proper the fatherland However, the most pressing question of all
was on the kagalom, and Jewish employees of the Kahal. The Regulations asserted “No Jew ... in
any village may maintain any tavern or inn, under his or someone else’s identity, nor may any
Jew sell brandy or wine or live in any village.” The law set a date for the removal of Jews from
villages outside the Pale of Settlement beginning in 1808. (We may remember that such a
measure was planned under Paul I in 1797, and before Derzhavin, involving the removal of Jews
from the villages and replacing them with a more productive class of people.) In theory the Jews
were supposed to give up their taverns and distilleries and engage in agricultural work on vacant
-32
-
lands in the Pale and also in New Russia and Astrakhan provinces, (see below) and even the
Caucasus, with a 10-year exemption from taxes and with the right to receive special treasury
loans. During the ten favorable years, Jewish land ownership in the Pale expanded significantly.
On the prohibition of the Jewish trade in alcohol, the Committee argued that as long as
the monopoly existed the Jews would continue to be held in hatred and contempt by their fellow
citizens. Eviction from the villages outside the Pale and compulsion to engage in other more
productive forms of labor were to the long-term of advantage of the Jewish people. Why would
anyone seek to maintain only one single monopoly when now land ownership and many other
ways of earning a living were open to them, albeit only in the legally designated areas?
The arguments seemed to be weighty. However, Hesse of the Committee stated that “It is
naïve to believe that economic effects on the life of a people can be modified by purely
mechanical means, by orders.” On the Jewish side there were protests against the planned
expulsion from the villages and the compulsory “secular occupation” of the Jews as horrible and
cruel, and the 1804 law was still being condemned a century and a half later as such by Jewish
historians.
Almost immediately after the Regulations of 1804 the European situation encroached on
Russia and war began to loom with Napoleon. The Jews of Russia were fascinated with
Bonaparte and the complete liberation of Jews which he had decreed in France, giving them full
civil rights without compelling them to do any physical labor and allowing them to work at non-
strenuous, purely administrative and economic occupations. Napoleon established a Jewish
Sanhedrin in Paris to act as a kind of early European-wide council for Jewish affairs, under
French tutelage of course, and Russian Jewry participated in this.
In 1806, Alexander I created a new committee to consider the advisability or otherwise of
delaying the relocation of Russian’s Jews within the Pale of Settlement. The expulsion of the
Jews from the villages laid down by the 1804 law was originally to be completed by 1808, but
there were practical difficulties, and in 1807 Alexander submitted a memorandum on the need to
postpone the eviction. At the same time the Czar issued a royal decree that allowed all of Jewish
society to elect a body of deputies to assist in the successful execution of the 1804 Regulations.
These elections of deputies of the Jewish western provinces were held, and their responses were
presented to St Petersburg in various attempts to delay the eviction indefinitely. One major
consideration was that Jewish tavern keepers were currently receiving free living
accommodation from the landlords from whom they leased their premises, while in towns and
cities they would have had to pay rent. The Interior Minister reported that the resettlement of
Jews from their present villages of residence would need several decades due to their large
numbers. By 1808 the political situation and military threat to Russia from events in Europe was
such that Alexander temporarily suspended the key articles commanding the Jews to relocate and
forbidding them to engage in the alcohol trade until further notice.
As a stopgap, in 1809 the Czar established yet another committee under Senator Popov
for studying the whole range of Jewish issues in conjunction with the elected Jewish deputies.
Unsurprisingly, after three years, in 1812 this body presented a report to the throne
recommending that the expulsion of the Jews to the Pale of Settlement be suspended and that
Jews be allowed to continue to lease taverns and trade in alcohol. Alexander I did not approve
the report since he did not want arbitrarily to throw out the previous laws of 1804, and he
remained steadfast in his desire to protect the Russian peasant from Jewish predation. He
declared himself ready to soften the Regulations somewhat but not to abandon them entirely. But
then events intervened in the form of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. The massive and total
-33
-
eviction of all Russian Jews and their resettlement in outlying areas as envisioned by the 1804
law never took place, although the process was briefly attempted and did proceed slowly and
sporadically throughout the remainder of the 19th century. (see below)
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |