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Software
is a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to work. This is in
contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the
work.
At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine
language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central
processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language
consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change
the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction
may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an
effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke
one of many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a
computer screen; causing state changes which should be visible to the user. The
processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is
instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted by the operating
system. As of 2015, most personal computers, smartphone devices and servers
have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing
computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent
activity than in the past.
The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are
easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural
languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into
machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two.
Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has a
strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is
translated into machine language using an assembler.
Computer programming
Computer programming
is the process of performing a particular
computation (or more generally, accomplishing a specific computing result),
usually by designing/building an executable computer program.
Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms,
profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the

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implementation of algorithms (usually in a chosen programming language,
commonly referred to as
coding
. The source code of a program is written
in one or more languages that are intelligible to programmers, rather than
machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit.
The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will
automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an
operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem.
Proficient programming thus usually requires expertise in several different
subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized
algorithms, and formal logic.
Tasks accompanying and related to programming include testing,
debugging, source code maintenance, implementation of build systems,
and management of derived artifacts, such as the machine code of
computer programs. These might be considered part of the programming
process, but often the term
software development
is used for this larger
process with the term
programming
,
implementation
, or
coding
reserved for
the actual writing of code.
Software engineering
combines engineering
techniques with software development practices.
Reverse engineering
is a
related process used by designers, analysts, and programmers to
understand and re-create/re-implement.