2-Maruza Biosfera. Tabiiy resurslar, ulardan oqilona foydalanish va atmosfera muhofazasi. Suv va Tuproq resurslari va uni muhofazasi. O‘simlik, hayvonot dunyosi va ularni muhofaza qilish

 
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Peter Rillero, Dinah ZikeEcology, 2005 (107-108-bet)
 
Water 
Water is essential to life on Earth. It is a major ingredient of the fluid inside the cells of allorganisms. 
In fact, most organisms are 50 percent to 95 percent water. Respiration, digestion, photosynthesis, 
and many other important life processes can take place only in the presence of water. As 
Figure 2 
shows, environments that have plenty of water usually support a greater diversity of and a larger 
number of organisms than environments that have little water. 
Water Pollution
Human activities can harm freshwater environments. Fertilizer-filled runoff from 
farms and lawns, as well as sewage dumped into the water, can lead to excessive growth of algae and 
plants in lakes and ponds. The growth and decay of these organisms reduces the oxygen level in the 
water, which makes it difficult for some organisms to survive. To prevent problems, sewage is 
treated before it is released. People 

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also are being educated about problems associated with polluting lakes and ponds. Fines and 
penalties are issued to people caught polluting waterways. These controls have led to the recovery of 
many freshwater ecosystems. 
Water Pollution 
Pollutants enter water, too. Air pollutants can drift into water or be washed out of the sky by rain. 
Rain can wash land pollutants into waterways, as shown in 
Figure 16.
Wastewater from factories 
and sewage-treatment plants often is released into waterways. In the United States and many other 
countries, laws require that wastewater be treated to remove pollutants before it is released. But, in 
many parts of the world, wastewater treatment is not always possible. Pollution also enters water 
when people dump litter or waste materials into rivers, lakes, and oceans. 
Surface Water
Some water pollutants poison fish and other wildlife, and can be harmful to people 
who swim in or drink the water. For example, chemical pesticides sprayed on farmland can wash into 
lakes and streams. These chemicals can harm the 
insects that fish, turtles, or frogs rely on for food. Shortages of food can lead to deaths among water-
dwelling animals. Some pollutants, especially those containing mercury and other metals, can build 
up in the tissues of fish. Eating contaminated fish and shellfishcan transfer these metals to people, 
birds, and other animals. In some areas, people are advised not to eat fish or shellfish taken from 
polluted waterways. Algal blooms are another water pollution problem. Raw sewage and excess 
fertilizer contain large amounts of nitrogen. If they are washed into a lake or pond, they can cause the 
rapid growth of algae.
Ocean Water
Rivers and streams eventually flow into oceans, bringing 
their pollutants along. Also, polluted water can enter the ocean in coastal 
areas where factories, sewage-treatment plants, or shipping activities are located. 
Oil spills are a well-known ocean pollution problem. About 4 billion kg of oil 
are spilled into ocean waters every year. Much of that oil comes from ships that use ocean water to 
wash out their fuel tanks. Oil also can come from oil tanker wrecks, as shown in