2 cissp ® Official Study Guide Eighth Edition

427
Badges
Badges
, 
identification cards
, and 
security IDs
are forms of physical identification and/
or electronic access control devices. A badge can be as simple as a name tag indicating 
whether you are a valid employee or a visitor. Or it can be as complex as a smartcard or 
token device that employs multifactor authentication to verify and prove your identity and 
provide authentication and authorization to access a facility, specific rooms, or secured 
workstations. Badges often include pictures, magnetic strips with encoded data, and per-
sonal details to help a security guard verify identity.
Badges can be used in environments in which physical access is primarily controlled by 
security guards. In such conditions, the badge serves as a visual identification tool for the 
guards. They can verify your identity by comparing your picture to your person and con-
sult a printed or electronic roster of authorized personnel to determine whether you have 
valid access.
Badges can also serve in environments guarded by scanning devices rather than security 
guards. In such conditions, a badge can be used either for identification or for authentica-
tion. When a badge is used for identification, it is swiped in a device, and then the badge 
owner must provide one or more authentication factors, such as a password, passphrase, 
or biological trait (if a biometric device is used). When a badge is used for authentica-
tion, the badge owner provides an ID, username, and so on and then swipes the badge to 
authenticate.
Motion Detectors
A 
motion detector
, or 
motion sensor
, is a device that senses movement or sound in a spe-
cific area. Many types of motion detectors exist, including infrared, heat, wave pattern, 
capacitance, photoelectric, and passive audio.
An 
infrared motion detector
monitors for significant or meaningful changes in the 
infrared lighting pattern of a monitored area.
A 
heat-based motion detector
monitors for significant or meaningful changes in the 
heat levels and patterns in a monitored area.
A 
wave pattern motion detector
transmits a consistent low ultrasonic or high micro-
wave frequency signal into a monitored area and monitors for significant or meaning-
ful changes or disturbances in the reflected pattern.
A 
capacitance motion detector
senses changes in the electrical or magnetic field sur-
rounding a monitored object.
A 
photoelectric motion detector
senses changes in visible light levels for the monitored 
area. Photoelectric motion detectors are usually deployed in internal rooms that have 
no windows and are kept dark.
A 
passive audio motion detector
listens for abnormal sounds in the monitored area.

---